Japanese
Personal notes consolidated from JapanesePod101 Introduction Level 1 and Absolute Beginner Level 2 Vol 1, plus extra vocab. Grouped by concept instead of lesson order.
Resources:
Alphabets:

Writing System
Japanese uses four writing systems simultaneously:
| System | What it is | When itâs used | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ã²ãã㪠Hiragana | Phonetic, 46 characters | Native Japanese words, grammar particles, verb endings | ãã¹ãŸã (tabemasu) |
| ã«ã¿ã«ã Katakana | Phonetic, 46 characters | Foreign/borrowed words, emphasis, onomatopoeia | ã¢ã¡ãªã« (Amerika) |
| 挢å Kanji | Chinese characters | Content words - nouns, verb/adjective stems | é£ã¹ãŸã (tabemasu) |
| Romaji | Latin alphabet | Transliteration for learners, signs | tabemasu |
Hiragana and Katakana each represent the same set of sounds - theyâre two alphabets for the same phonetics. Kanji characters carry meaning and can have multiple readings. In practice, a typical Japanese sentence mixes all three scripts (hiragana, katakana, kanji).
Pronunciation
The 46 Basic Hiragana Sounds
5 vowels form the foundation. Every Japanese syllable ends in a vowel (except ã/n).
| a | i | u | e | o | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vowel | ã a | ã i | ã u | ã e | ã o |
| k | ã ka | ã ki | ã ku | ã ke | ã ko |
| s | ã sa | ã shi | ã su | ã se | ã so |
| t | ã ta | ã¡ chi | 〠tsu | ㊠te | ãš to |
| n | 㪠na | ã« ni | 㬠nu | ã ne | ã® no |
| h | 㯠ha | 㲠hi | 㵠fu | 㞠he | 㻠ho |
| m | 㟠ma | ã¿ mi | ã mu | ã me | ã mo |
| y | ã ya | ã yu | ã yo | ||
| r | ã ra | ã ri | ã ru | ã re | ã ro |
| w | ã wa | ã wo | |||
| ã n |
Pronunciation Tips
- The Japanese r sounds like a light âdâ - a single tap of the tongue on the roof of the mouth
- ãµ (fu) is between English âfâ and âhâ - blow air through both lips, not teeth on lip
- Vowels ã (u) and ã (i) are sometimes devoiced (whispered/silent) between voiceless consonants. E.g. ãã (suki) sounds closer to âskiâ, ã§ã (desu) sounds closer to âdesâ
- ã is âshiâ not âsiâ, ã¡ is âchiâ not âtiâ, 〠is âtsuâ not âtuâ
Particle Pronunciation Exceptions
Important!
When 㯠is used as a particle (topic marker), it is pronounced wa, not âha.â When ãž is used as a particle (direction marker), it is pronounced e, not âhe.â
- ç§ã¯æ¥æ¬äººã§ããâ Watashi wa nihonjin desu. (NOT âhaâ)
- æ±äº¬ãžè¡ããŸããâ TÅkyÅ e ikimasu. (NOT âheâ)
Voiced Sounds (Dakuten æ¿ç¹)
Adding ã(tenten/dakuten) or ã(maru/handakuten) to base characters creates 23 additional sounds:
| Base â | Voiced (ã) | Base â | Voiced (ã) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ã ka â | ã ga | 㯠ha â | ã° ba | |
| ã ki â | ã gi | ã² hi â | ã³ bi | |
| ã ku â | ã gu | ãµ fu â | ã¶ bu | |
| ã ke â | ã ge | ãž he â | ã¹ be | |
| ã ko â | ã go | ã» ho â | ㌠bo | |
| ã sa â | ã za | 㯠ha â | ã± pa (ã) | |
| ã shi â | ã ji | ã² hi â | ㎠pi (ã) | |
| ã su â | ã zu | ãµ fu â | ã· pu (ã) | |
| ã se â | ã ze | ãž he â | 㺠pe (ã) | |
| ã so â | ã zo | ã» ho â | 㜠po (ã) | |
| ã ta â | ã da | |||
| ã¡ chi â | 㢠ji | |||
| 〠tsu â | 㥠zu | |||
| ㊠te â | ã§ de | |||
| ãš to â | ã© do |
Combination Sounds (YÅon æé³)
Add a small ã (ya), ã (yu), or ã (yo) after characters in the i-column to create 33 combination sounds:
| ya | yu | yo | |
|---|---|---|---|
| k | ãã kya | ãã kyu | ãã kyo |
| s | ãã sha | ãã shu | ãã sho |
| t | ã¡ã cha | ã¡ã chu | ã¡ã cho |
| n | ã«ã nya | ã«ã nyu | ã«ã nyo |
| h | ã²ã hya | ã²ã hyu | ã²ã hyo |
| m | ã¿ã mya | ã¿ã myu | ã¿ã myo |
| r | ãã rya | ãã ryu | ãã ryo |
| g | ãã gya | ãã gyu | ãã gyo |
| j | ãã ja | ãã ju | ãã jo |
| b | ã³ã bya | ã³ã byu | ã³ã byo |
| p | ãŽã pya | ãŽã pyu | ãŽã pyo |
New Katakana-Only Sounds
These only exist in katakana, used for foreign words:
| Kana | Romaji | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ãã¡ ã㣠ãã§ ãã© | fa fi fe fo | ãã¡ãã·ã§ã³ (fashion) |
| ãŽã¡ ãŽã£ ㎠ãŽã§ ãŽã© | va vi vu ve vo | ãŽã¡ã€ãªãªã³ (violin) |
| ã㣠ã㥠| ti tu | ããŒãã£ãŒ (party) |
| ã㣠ã㥠| di du | ãã£ã¹ã³ (disco) |
Double Consonants (Sokuon ä¿é³)
A small 㣠(tsu) before a consonant doubles it, creating a brief pause. This changes meaning!
| Word | Romaji | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ã㊠| kite | come |
| ãã£ãŠ | kitte | stamp |
| ãã | kako | past |
| ãã£ã | kakko | parentheses |
| ãã | ita | was |
| ãã£ã | itta | went/said |
| ããš | moto | origin |
| ãã£ãš | motto | more |
| ããš | oto | sound |
| ãã£ãš | otto | husband |
Long Vowels vs Short Vowels
Vowel length changes meaning. Long vowels are held for roughly twice the duration.
| Short | Meaning | Long | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ãã°ãã obasan | aunt | ãã°ããã obaasan | grandmother |
| ãããã ojisan | uncle | ããããã ojiisan | grandfather |
| ãã koko | here | ãããã kookoo | high school |
| ã e | picture | ãã ee | yes |
| ãã yuki | snow | ããã yuuki | courage |
In hiragana, long vowels are written by adding the vowel:
- aa â ã+ã, ii â ã+ã, uu â ã+ã, ee â ã+ã (usually), oo â ã+ã (usually)
In katakana, long vowels use ㌠(a dash): ã©ãŒã¡ã³ (rÄmen), ã³ãŒã㌠(kÅhÄ«)
Sentence Structure
Japanese Word Order: SOV
Japanese follows Subject-Object-Verb order, unlike English (SVO). The verb always comes at the end of the sentence.
- English: I eat sushi. (SVO)
- Japanese: ç§ã¯ 寿åžã é£ã¹ãŸãã/ Watashi wa sushi o tabemasu. (SOV)
The Copula ã§ã (desu)
ã§ã (desu) is equivalent to English âam/is/are.â It comes at the end of the sentence.
Basic pattern: [Topic] 㯠(wa) [complement] ã§ã (desu)ã
| Pattern | Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | ç§ã¯ã¹ãã£ãŒãã³ã§ãã | Watashi wa Sutiibun desu. | I am Steven. |
| Negative | ç§ã¯å çãããªãã§ãã | Watashi wa sensei ja nai desu. | I am not a teacher. |
| Question | æ±ããã§ããã | Higashi-san desu ka? | Are you Mr. Higashi? |
Negation of ã§ã has two forms:
- Casual: ãããªã (ja nai) or ãããªãã§ã (ja nai desu)
- Formal: ã§ã¯ãããŸãã (de wa arimasen)
Topic Omission
When the subject/topic is already clear from context, it can be dropped. This is very common in Japanese. Instead of ç§ã¯æ ç»ãã¿ãŸã (Watashi wa eiga o mimasu), you can just say æ ç»ãã¿ãŸã (Eiga o mimasu) - âIâll watch a movie.â
Two Tenses
Japanese only has two tenses: Past and Non-Past (present/future).
- Non-past: ã§ã (desu), -ãŸã (-masu)
- Past: ã§ãã (deshita), -ãŸãã (-mashita)
Particles
Particles are small words placed after nouns/phrases that indicate their grammatical role. They are the backbone of Japanese grammar.
㯠(wa) - Topic Marker
Marks the topic of the sentence - âAs for [topic]âŠâ
Written with the hiragana 㯠(ha) but pronounced âwaâ when used as a particle.
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ç§ã¯åŠçã§ãã | Watashi wa gakusei desu. | I am a student. |
| 仿¥ã¯åææ¥ã§ãã | KyÅ wa doyÅbi desu. | Today is Saturday. |
| ããŒãã£ãŒã¯ææ¥ã§ãã | PÄtÄ« wa ashita desu. | The party is tomorrow. |
ã (ka) - Question Marker
Added to the end of a sentence to make it a question. No need to change word order (unlike English).
| Statement | Question |
|---|---|
| åŠçã§ãã(Gakusei desu.) - Is a student. | åŠçã§ããã(Gakusei desu ka?) - Is (he/she) a student? |
| 仿¥ã¯åææ¥ã§ãã(KyÅ wa doyÅbi desu.) | 仿¥ã¯åææ¥ã§ããã(KyÅ wa doyÅbi desu ka?) |
| æã§ãã(Hima desu.) - Am free. | æã§ããã(Hima desu ka?) - Are you free? |
Answers:
- Yes â ã¯ã (hai)
- No â ããã (iie)
ã® (no) - Possession / Attribution / Origin
Connects two nouns. Works like English ââsâ or âof.â
| Usage | Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Possession | ç§ã®ãã | Watashi no kasa | My umbrella |
| Attribution | æ¥æ¬ã®è» | Nihon no kuruma | Japanese car / car of Japan |
| Origin | ã©ãã®ïŒ | Doko no? | Where is it from? |
| Affiliation | ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ãŠãŒã®æ±ã§ã | SutairuyÅ« no Higashi desu | Iâm Higashi from Style You |
ã (mo) - Also / Too
Replaces 㯠(wa) to mean âalsoâ or âtoo.â
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ç§ãåŠçã§ãã | Watashi mo gakusei desu. | I am also a student. |
| ãããããããã§ãã | Kore mo oishii desu. | This is delicious too. |
| 嬿ãããæ¥ãŸããã | Fuyuka-san mo kimasu ka? | Is Fuyuka coming too? |
ãš (to) - And / With
Has two uses:
1. âAndâ (listing nouns):
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 寿åžãšå€©ã·ã | Sushi to tenpura | Sushi and tempura |
| ã³ãŒããŒãšã±ãŒã | KÅhÄ« to kÄki | Coffee and cake |
2. âWith/togetherâ (doing something with someone):
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| æ±ãããšæ ç»ãã¿ãŸãã | Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu. | Iâll watch a movie with Mr. Higashi. |
| ãã¡ããªãã£ãªãšãµã«ãµãããŸãã | Faburitsio to sarusa o shimasu. | Iâll do salsa with Fabrizio. |
ã (o) - Object Marker
Marks the direct object of a verb (the thing being acted upon). Used with transitive verbs.
When ã (o) is used as a particle, it is always written with ã in hiragana (not ã).
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 鳿¥œããããŸãã | Ongaku o kikimasu. | I listen to music. |
| æ ç»ãã¿ãŸãã | Eiga o mimasu. | I watch a movie. |
| ã³ãŒããŒãã®ã¿ãŸãã | KÅhÄ« o nomimasu. | I drink coffee. |
| äŒç€ŸãäŒã¿ãŸãã | Kaisha o yasumimasu. | I take a day off from work. |
ã« (ni) - Time / Direction
Two main uses:
1. Specific time (âat/on/inâ): Placed after specific time expressions (3æ/san-ji, éææ¥/kinyÅbi, 1æ15æ¥/ichigatsu jÅ«go-nichi). But NOT used with relative time (仿¥/kyÅ, ææ¥/ashita, ãã€/itsu).
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 3æã« | san-ji ni | at 3:00 |
| éææ¥ã« | kinyÅbi ni | on Friday |
| 1æ15æ¥ã« | ichigatsu jÅ«go-nichi ni | on January 15th |
Do NOT use ã« with:
- 仿¥ (kyÅ) - today
- ææ¥ (ashita) - tomorrow
- ã〠(itsu) - when
2. Direction (interchangeable with ãž):
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ãã¡ã«åž°ããŸãã | Uchi ni kaerimasu. | Iâm going home. |
ãž (e) - Direction
Marks the direction or destination of movement. Pronounced âeâ, not âhe.â
Interchangeable with ã« (ni) for direction.
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ãã¡ãžåž°ããŸãã | Uchi e kaerimasu. | Iâm going home. |
| æ°å®¿ãžè¡ããŸããã | Shinjuku e ikimasu ka? | Does this go to Shinjuku? |
| æ±äº¬ãžæ¥ãŸãã | TÅkyÅ e kimasu. | (Someone) is coming to Tokyo. |
ã§ (de) - Location of Action / Means
Two main uses:
1. Location where an action takes place (âat/inâ):
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| éåº§ã§æ ç»ãã¿ãŸãã | Ginza de eiga o mimasu. | Iâll watch a movie in Ginza. |
| ãã¡ã§ããªãŒãºããŒããã£ã³ããããŸãã | Uchi de BirÄ«zu BÅ«to Kyanpu o shimasu. | Iâll do Billyâs Boot Camp at home. |
2. Means / transportation (âby/withâ):
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ã¿ã¯ã·ãŒã§åž°ããŸãã | TakushÄ« de kaerimasu. | Iâll go home by taxi. |
| å°äžéã§è¡ããŸãã | Chikatetsu de ikimasu. | Iâll go by subway. |
| é»è»ã§æ¥ãŸããã | Densha de kimasu ka? | Are you coming by train? |
ã (ne) - Tag Question
Sentence-final particle, like âisnât it?â or âright?â Seeks agreement or confirmation.
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ãµã«ãµã¯ãšãŠã楜ããã§ããã | Sarusa wa totemo tanoshii desu ne. | Salsa is really fun, isnât it? |
| ããã§ããã | Ii desu ne. | Thatâs nice, right? |
ã (yo) - Emphasis / Assertion
Sentence-final particle that emphasizes the speakerâs assertion. âIâm telling youâŠâ / âYou knowâŠâ
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ããŒãã£ãŒã¯ææ¥ã§ããã | PÄtÄ« wa ashita desu yo. | The party is tomorrow, Iâm certain. |
| ããããã§ããã | Oishii desu yo. | Itâs delicious, you know! |
ãã (kara) - From
Marks a starting point in time or place.
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 9æããã§ãã | Ku-ji kara desu. | Itâs from 9 oâclock. |
| ããããé§ ãŸã§äœåã§ããã | Koko kara eki made nan-pun desu ka? | How many minutes from here to the station? |
| ä»ããïŒ | Ima kara? | From now? |
ãŸã§ (made) - To / Until
Marks an ending point in time or place.
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 5æãŸã§ã§ãã | Go-ji made desu. | Itâs until 5 oâclock. |
| æ±äº¬ãŸã§ | TÅkyÅ made | To Tokyo |
ãã (kara) and ãŸã§ (made) are often used together:
- 9æãã5æãŸã§ã§ãã/ Ku-ji kara go-ji made desu. / Itâs from 9 to 5.
ã ã (dake) - Only
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ã¡ãã£ãšã ã | Chotto dake | Just a little / only a bit |
ã (ga) - Subject Marker
Marks the subject of a sentence. While 㯠(wa) marks the topic (known/background info), ã (ga) marks the subject (new/focused info).
At beginner level, ã (ga) is most important with these specific verbs and adjectives:
1. With 奜ã (suki) / å«ã (kirai) â likes and dislikes:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ç§ã¯é³æ¥œã奜ãã§ãã | Watashi wa ongaku ga suki desu. | I like music. |
| ç§ã¯ãµãã«ãŒã倧奜ãã§ãã | Watashi wa sakkÄ ga daisuki desu. | I love soccer. |
| ç§ã¯çŽè±ãå«ãã§ãã | Watashi wa nattÅ ga kirai desu. | I dislike natto. |
| ç§ã¯è«ã倧å«ãã§ãã | Watashi wa mushi ga daikirai desu. | I hate bugs. |
The full like/dislike scale:
| Japanese | Romaji | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 倧奜ã | daisuki | love / really like |
| 奜ã | suki | like |
| å«ã | kirai | dislike |
| 倧å«ã | daikirai | hate / really dislike |
Sentence Pattern
[Topic] 㯠[thing] ã 奜ã/å«ã ã§ãã The thing you like/dislike is marked with ã, not ã.
2. With ããããŸã (wakarimasu) â understanding:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| æ¥æ¬èªãããããŸãã | Nihongo ga wakarimasu. | I understand Japanese. |
| è±èªãããããŸããã | Eigo ga wakarimasu ka? | Do you understand English? |
3. With ãããŸã (arimasu) / ããŸã (imasu) â existence:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ãã¹ããŒãããããŸããã | PasupÅto ga arimasen. | I donât have my passport. |
4. Preference questions with ã©ã¡ã (dochira):
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ã³ãŒããŒãšçŽ è¶ãšã©ã¡ããããã§ããã | KÅhÄ« to kÅcha to dochira ga ii desu ka? | Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? |
| ã³ãŒããŒãããã§ãã | KÅhÄ« ga ii desu. | Coffee, please. / I prefer coffee. |
Demonstratives
Pronouns: ãã / ãã / ãã (kore / sore / are)
Used to point at things. The choice depends on distance from speaker and listener.
| Japanese | Romaji | Meaning | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|
| ãã | kore | this (one) | Near the speaker |
| ãã | sore | that (one) | Near the listener |
| ãã | are | that (one) over there | Far from both |
- ããã¯ãã³ã§ãã/ Kore wa pen desu. / This is a pen.
- ããã¯äœã§ããã/ Sore wa nan desu ka? / What is that?
- ããã¯æ±äº¬ã¿ã¯ãŒã§ãã/ Are wa TÅkyÅ TawÄ desu. / That over there is Tokyo Tower.
Adjective Form: ãã® / ãã® / ãã® (kono / sono / ano)
These go directly before a noun (unlike kore/sore/are which stand alone).
| Japanese | Romaji | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ãã®ãã | kono kasa | this umbrella |
| ãã®ãã | sono kasa | that umbrella (near you) |
| ãã®ãã | ano kasa | that umbrella (over there) |
Comparing the two forms
- ããã¯ãããã§ããã/ Kore wa ikura desu ka? / How much is this? (pointing, standalone)
- ãã®è²¡åžã¯ãããã§ããã/ Kono saifu wa ikura desu ka? / How much is this wallet? (before noun)
Negation with Demonstratives
To say something is NOT something:
- Casual: ãããªã (ja nai)
- Formal: ã§ã¯ãããŸãã (de wa arimasen)
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ããã¯ãã³ãããªãã§ãã | Kore wa pen ja nai desu. | This is not a pen. |
| ããã¯ç§ã®ã§ã¯ãããŸããã | Sore wa watashi no de wa arimasen. | That is not mine. (formal) |
Question: ã©ã㪠(donna) - What kind of?
Used before a noun to ask âwhat kind of.â
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ã©ããªé³æ¥œããããŸããã | Donna ongaku o kikimasu ka? | What kind of music do you listen to? |
| ã©ããªäººã§ããã | Donna hito desu ka? | What kind of person is he/she? |
Numbers & Counting
Basic Numbers (0-10)
| Number | Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | é¶ | ãŒã / ãã | zero / rei |
| 1 | äž | ãã¡ | ichi |
| 2 | äº | ã« | ni |
| 3 | äž | ãã | san |
| 4 | å | ãã / ã | yon / shi |
| 5 | äº | ã | go |
| 6 | å | ãã | roku |
| 7 | äž | ãªãª / ãã¡ | nana / shichi |
| 8 | å « | ã¯ã¡ | hachi |
| 9 | ä¹ | ãã ã / ã | kyÅ« / ku |
| 10 | å | ãã ã | jÅ« |
Note
4 and 7 have two readings each. ãã (yon) and ãªãª (nana) are generally preferred in counting because ã (shi) sounds like æ» (shi, âdeathâ) and ãã¡ (shichi) can be confused with ãã¡ (ichi).
Tens
| Number | Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | å | ãã ã | jÅ« |
| 20 | äºå | ã«ãã ã | nijÅ« |
| 30 | äžå | ãããã ã | sanjÅ« |
| 40 | åå | ãããã ã | yonjÅ« |
| 50 | äºå | ããã ã | gojÅ« |
| 60 | å å | ãããã ã | rokujÅ« |
| 70 | äžå | ãªãªãã ã | nanajÅ« |
| 80 | å «å | ã¯ã¡ãã ã | hachijÅ« |
| 90 | ä¹å | ãã ããã ã | kyÅ«jÅ« |
Combine: 25 = ã«ãã ãã (nijÅ« go), 63 = ãããã ããã (rokujÅ« san)
Hundreds
| Number | Kanji | Romaji | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | çŸ | hyaku | |
| 200 | äºçŸ | ni-hyaku | |
| 300 | äžçŸ | san-byaku | Irregular! |
| 400 | åçŸ | yon-hyaku | |
| 500 | äºçŸ | go-hyaku | |
| 600 | å çŸ | roppyaku | Irregular! |
| 700 | äžçŸ | nana-hyaku | |
| 800 | å «çŸ | happyaku | Irregular! |
| 900 | ä¹çŸ | kyÅ«-hyaku |
Thousands and Beyond
| Number | Kanji | Romaji |
|---|---|---|
| 1,000 | å | sen |
| 3,000 | äžå | san-zen (irregular) |
| 8,000 | å «å | hassen (irregular) |
| 10,000 | äžäž | ichi-man |
| 100,000 | åäž | jÅ«-man |
Phone Numbers
Phone numbers are read digit by digit with ã® (no) between groups: 03-1234-5678 â ãŒããã ã® ãã¡ã«ãããã ã® ããããªãªã¯ã¡ (zero san no ichi ni san yon no go roku nana hachi)
Money / Prices
The currency is å (ãã / en / yen).
- 500å â ãã²ãããã (go-hyaku en) â 500 yen
- ãããã§ããã/ Ikura desu ka? / How much is it?
- çšèŸŒã¿ (ãããã¿ / zeikomi) â tax included
Time & Dates
Telling Time (Hours)
äœæã§ããã/ Nan-ji desu ka? / What time is it?
| Hour | Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1:00 | äžæ | ãã¡ã | ichi-ji | |
| 2:00 | äºæ | ã«ã | ni-ji | |
| 3:00 | äžæ | ããã | san-ji | |
| 4:00 | åæ | ãã | yo-ji | NOT shi-ji! |
| 5:00 | äºæ | ãã | go-ji | |
| 6:00 | å æ | ããã | roku-ji | |
| 7:00 | äžæ | ãã¡ã | shichi-ji | |
| 8:00 | å «æ | ã¯ã¡ã | hachi-ji | |
| 9:00 | 乿 | ãã | ku-ji | NOT kyÅ«-ji! |
| 10:00 | åæ | ãã ãã | jÅ«-ji | |
| 11:00 | åäžæ | ãã ããã¡ã | jÅ«ichi-ji | |
| 12:00 | åäºæ | ãã ãã«ã | jÅ«ni-ji |
Half past: Add å (ã¯ã / han)
- 3:30 â äžæå / san-ji han
AM/PM: åå (ããã / gozen) = AM, ååŸ (ãã / gogo) = PM
Word Order
In Japanese, AM/PM comes before the time (opposite of English):
- â ååŸ1æã§ãã/ Gogo ichi-ji desu. / Itâs 1:00 PM.
- à 1æååŸã§ãã(Wrong!)
Minutes
| Minute | Hiragana | Romaji | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1å | ãã£ã·ã | ippun | Irregular |
| 2å | ã«ãµã | ni-fun | |
| 3å | ããã·ã | sanpun | Irregular |
| 4å | ããã·ã | yonpun | Irregular |
| 5å | ããµã | go-fun | |
| 6å | ãã£ã·ã | roppun | Irregular |
| 7å | ãªãªãµã | nana-fun | |
| 8å | ã¯ã£ã·ã | happun | Irregular |
| 9å | ãã ããµã | kyÅ«-fun | |
| 10å | ãã ã£ã·ã | juppun | Irregular |
ããã (gurai) = approximately
- 10åãããã§ãã/ Juppun gurai desu. / Itâs about 10 minutes.
Duration (Hours)
| Duration | Hiragana | Romaji |
|---|---|---|
| 1æé | ãã¡ããã | ichi-jikan |
| 2æé | ã«ããã | ni-jikan |
| 3æé | ããããã | san-jikan |
| 4æé | ãããã | yo-jikan |
| 5æé | ãããã | go-jikan |
äœå (ãªãã·ã / nan-pun) = how many minutes? äœæé (ãªãããã / nan-jikan) = how many hours?
Pattern: ããããâŠãŸã§äœåã§ããã/ Koko kara ⊠made nan-pun desu ka? / How many minutes from here to âŠ?
Days of the Week
äœææ¥ã§ããã/ Nan-yÅbi desu ka? / What day of the week is it?
| Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji | English | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| æææ¥ | ãã€ããã³ | getsuyÅbi | Monday | æææ¥ã«ä»äºãããŸã (getsuyÅbi ni shigoto o shimasu) - I work on Monday |
| ç«ææ¥ | ãããã³ | kayÅbi | Tuesday | ç«ææ¥ã«ããã¹ãããŸã (kayÅbi ni tenisu o shimasu) - I play tennis on Tuesday |
| æ°Žææ¥ | ããããã³ | suiyÅbi | Wednesday | æ°Žææ¥ã¯æã§ã (suiyÅbi wa hima desu) - Iâm free on Wednesday |
| æšææ¥ | ããããã³ | mokuyÅbi | Thursday | æšææ¥ã«æ ç»ãã¿ãŸã (mokuyÅbi ni eiga o mimasu) - I watch a movie on Thursday |
| éææ¥ | ããããã³ | kinyÅbi | Friday | éææ¥ã«ããŒãã£ãŒãããŸã (kinyÅbi ni pÄtÄ« o shimasu) - We have a party on Friday |
| åææ¥ | ã©ããã³ | doyÅbi | Saturday | åææ¥ã«ã·ã§ããã³ã°ãããŸã (doyÅbi ni shoppingu o shimasu) - I go shopping on Saturday |
| æ¥ææ¥ | ã«ã¡ããã³ | nichiyÅbi | Sunday | æ¥ææ¥ã¯ããã¿ãŸã (nichiyÅbi wa yasumimasu) - I rest on Sunday |
Months
äœæã§ããã/ Nan-gatsu desu ka? / What month is it?
| Month | Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | äžæ | ãã¡ã〠| ichi-gatsu |
| 2 | äºæ | ã«ã〠| ni-gatsu |
| 3 | äžæ | ããã〠| san-gatsu |
| 4 | åæ | ãã〠| shi-gatsu |
| 5 | äºæ | ãã〠| go-gatsu |
| 6 | å æ | ããã〠| roku-gatsu |
| 7 | äžæ | ãã¡ã〠| shichi-gatsu |
| 8 | å «æ | ã¯ã¡ã〠| hachi-gatsu |
| 9 | 乿 | ãã〠| ku-gatsu |
| 10 | åæ | ãã ãã〠| jÅ«-gatsu |
| 11 | åäžæ | ãã ããã¡ã〠| jÅ«ichi-gatsu |
| 12 | åäºæ | ãã ãã«ã〠| jÅ«ni-gatsu |
Days of the Month
äœæ¥ã§ããã/ Nan-nichi desu ka? / Whatâs the date?
The first 10 days and the 20th have special readings (not just number + nichi):
| Day | Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | äžæ¥ | ã€ããã¡ | tsuitachi |
| 2 | äºæ¥ | ãµã€ã | futsuka |
| 3 | äžæ¥ | ã¿ã£ã | mikka |
| 4 | 忥 | ãã£ã | yokka |
| 5 | äºæ¥ | ãã€ã | itsuka |
| 6 | å æ¥ | ããã | muika |
| 7 | äžæ¥ | ãªã®ã | nanoka |
| 8 | å «æ¥ | ããã | yÅka |
| 9 | 乿¥ | ããã®ã | kokonoka |
| 10 | 忥 | ãšãã | tÅka |
| 14 | å忥 | ãã ããã£ã | jÅ«yokka |
| 20 | äºåæ¥ | ã¯ã€ã | hatsuka |
| 24 | äºå忥 | ã«ãã ããã£ã | nijÅ«yokka |
Days 11-13, 15-19, 21-23, 25-31 follow the regular pattern: number + ã«ã¡ (nichi). E.g. 11æ¥ (jÅ«ichi-nichi), 25æ¥ (nijÅ«go-nichi), 31æ¥ (sanjÅ«ichi-nichi)
Relative Time Words
| Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji | English | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| æšæ¥ | ãã®ã | kinÅ | yesterday | æšæ¥ã¯æ¥œããã£ãã§ã (kinÅ wa tanoshikatta desu) - Yesterday was fun |
| 仿¥ | ããã | kyÅ | today | 仿¥ã¯æãã§ãã (kyÅ wa atsui desu ne) - Itâs hot today |
| ææ¥ | ããã | ashita | tomorrow | ææ¥ã¯æã§ãã (ashita wa hima desu ka) - Are you free tomorrow? |
| ä» | ã㟠| ima | now | ä»ãäœæã§ãã (ima, nan-ji desu ka) - What time is it now? |
Kanji Readings
ææ¥ has 3 readings: ããã (ashita), ãã (asu), ã¿ããã«ã¡ (myÅnichi). ããã is most common in daily conversation. 仿¥ has 2 readings: ããã (kyÅ) and ããã«ã¡ (konnichi). ããã is used in conversation. These are çåèš (jukujikun) - special idiomatic kanji readings.
Time of day:
| Japanese | Romaji | English | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| æ / ãã | asa | morning | æã³ãŒããŒãã®ã¿ãŸã (asa kÅhÄ« o nomimasu) - I drink coffee in the morning |
| æŒ / ã²ã | hiru | noon | æŒãã¯ãããã¹ãŸã (hiru gohan o tabemasu) - I eat lunch |
| ååŸ / ãã | gogo | afternoon | ååŸã¯å¿ããã§ã (gogo wa isogashii desu) - Iâm busy in the afternoon |
| æ© / ã°ã | ban | evening | æ©ãã¯ããã€ãããŸã (ban gohan o tsukurimasu) - I make dinner |
| å€ / ãã | yoru | night | å€ãæ¬ããã¿ãŸã (yoru, hon o yomimasu) - At night, I read a book |
Compound time expressions:
- This morning â 仿¥ã®æ / ãããã®ãã / kyÅ no asa, or 仿 / ãã / kesa
- This afternoon â 仿¥ã®æŒ / ãããã®ã²ã / kyÅ no hiru
- This evening â 仿¥ã®æ© / ãããã®ã°ã / kyÅ no ban, or 仿© / ããã°ã / konban
- Tonight â 仿¥ã®å€ / ãããã®ãã / kyÅ no yoru, or ä»å€ / ããã / konya
Years
Counter: 幎 (ãã / nen)
Relative years:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| å»å¹Ž | ãããã / kyonen | last year |
| ä»å¹Ž | ããšã / kotoshi | this year |
| æ¥å¹Ž | ãããã / rainen | next year |
Duration in years:
| Duration | Hiragana | Romaji | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1幎 | ãã¡ãã | ichi-nen | |
| 2幎 | ã«ãã | ni-nen | |
| 3幎 | ãããã | san-nen | |
| 4幎 | ããã | yo-nen | NOT shi-nen! |
| 5幎 | ããã | go-nen | |
| 6幎 | ãããã | roku-nen | |
| 7幎 | ãªãªãã | nana-nen | |
| 8幎 | ã¯ã¡ãã | hachi-nen | |
| 9幎 | ãã ããã | kyÅ«-nen | |
| 10幎 | ãã ããã | jÅ«-nen |
äœå¹Ž (ãªããã / nan-nen) = how many years?
- æ¥æ¬ã«3幎äœãã§ããŸãã/ Nihon ni san-nen sunde imasu. / Iâve lived in Japan for 3 years.
Other time words:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| æ¯æ¥ | ãŸãã«ã¡ / mainichi | every day |
| æ¯é± | ãŸããã ã / maishÅ« | every week |
| æ¯æ | ãŸãã€ã / maitsuki | every month |
| æ¯å¹Ž | ãŸããšã / maitoshi | every year |
Adjectives
Japanese has two types of adjectives that conjugate differently. Understanding the difference is essential.
ã-Adjectives (I-Adjectives)
Always end in ã (i). They conjugate directly - no helper words needed.
| Kanji | Kana | Romaji | English | Memory Tip | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| é«ã | ããã | takai | expensive, tall | A taco that costs $1000 â thatâs one expensive taco | ãã®è²¡åžã¯é«ãã§ã (kono saifu wa takai desu) - This wallet is expensive |
| å®ã | ããã | yasui | cheap, inexpensive | Picture a yak suit â a suit made of yak fur from a thrift store, super cheap | ãã®ã©ãŒã¡ã³ã¯å®ãã§ã (kono rÄmen wa yasui desu) - This ramen is cheap |
| æã | ãã€ã | atsui | hot (weather) | âAchoo!â â you sneeze because the sun is burning so hot your nose melts | 仿¥ã¯æãã§ãã (kyÅ wa atsui desu ne) - Itâs hot today, isnât it |
| æãã | ããããã | atatakai | warm | A tatami mat by a fireplace â warm and cozy on the tatami | 仿¥ã¯æããã§ã (kyÅ wa atatakai desu) - Itâs warm today |
| å¯ã | ããã | samui | cold (weather) | A samurai standing in a blizzard, armor covered in ice | 仿¥ã¯å¯ãã§ã (kyÅ wa samui desu) - Itâs cold today |
| æ¶Œãã | ãããã | suzushii | cool (weather) | A Suzuki motorcycle zooming past â the wind feels cool on your face | 仿¥ã¯æ¶Œããã§ãã (kyÅ wa suzushii desu ne) - Itâs cool today, right |
| 倧ãã | ãããã | Åkii | big | An oak tree â massive, towering oak tree in a field | 倧ããç¬ã§ãã (Åkii inu desu ne) - Thatâs a big dog |
| å°ãã | ã¡ããã | chiisai | small | A tiny chisel carving something microscopic â chisel = small | å°ããè»ã§ã (chiisai kuruma desu) - Itâs a small car |
| æ°ãã | ããããã | atarashii | new | A tarot sheet â you pull a brand new tarot card fresh from the pack | æ°ããé»è©±ã§ã (atarashii denwa desu) - Itâs a new phone |
| å€ã | ãµãã | furui | old (things) | A furry antique â so old itâs grown fur and cobwebs | å€ãæ¬ã§ã (furui hon desu) - Itâs an old book |
| ãã / è¯ã | ãã / ãã | ii / yoi | good | âEeee!â â squealing with delight because itâs so good | ãã倩æ°ã§ãã (ii tenki desu ne) - Nice weather, isnât it |
| æªã | ããã | warui | bad | A warlock casting evil spells â warlocks are bad | 倩æ°ãæªãã§ã (tenki ga warui desu) - The weather is bad |
| ãããã | ãããã | oishii | delicious | âOi, sheâ cooked the most delicious meal â everyone points at the chef | ãã®å¯¿åžã¯ããããã§ã (kono sushi wa oishii desu) - This sushi is delicious |
| ãŸãã | ãŸãã | mazui | bad tasting | A maze made of rotten food â navigating through disgusting tastes | ãã®ã³ãŒããŒã¯ãŸããã§ã (kono kÅhÄ« wa mazui desu) - This coffee tastes bad |
| 楜ãã | ãã®ãã | tanoshii | fun, enjoyable | Ton of sheep â a ton of sheep bouncing around at a fun party | ããŒãã£ãŒã¯æ¥œããã§ã (pÄtÄ« wa tanoshii desu) - The party is fun |
| ããããã | ããããã | omoshiroi | interesting, funny | âOh Moe, she roy-ally cracked me up!â â Moe tells the funniest joke | ãã®æ ç»ã¯ãããããã§ã (kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu) - This movie is interesting |
| ã€ãŸããªã | ã€ãŸããªã | tsumaranai | boring | Tsunami? Nah. Even a tsunami would be boring to this guy â he yawns | ãã®æ ç»ã¯ã€ãŸããªãã§ã (kono eiga wa tsumaranai desu) - This movie is boring |
| å¿ãã | ããããã | isogashii | busy | âHe so gosh-darn busy!â â a man juggling 10 phones, papers flying everywhere | 仿¥ã¯å¿ããã§ã (kyÅ wa isogashii desu) - Iâm busy today |
| é£ãã | ããããã | muzukashii | difficult | A moose doing calculus on a chalkboard â extremely difficult | æ¥æ¬èªã¯é£ããã§ã (nihongo wa muzukashii desu) - Japanese is difficult |
| æãã | ãããã | yasashii | easy, gentle | Picture a gentle yak in a sash â the softest, easiest yak to pet | ãã®æ¬ã¯æããã§ã (kono hon wa yasashii desu) - This book is easy |
| é·ã | ãªãã | nagai | long | A naga (mythical serpent) â incredibly long snake body stretching for miles | é·ãæ ç»ã§ã (nagai eiga desu) - Itâs a long movie |
| çã | ã¿ããã | mijikai | short | Midget guy â a really short little dude | çãäŒã¿ã§ã (mijikai yasumi desu) - Itâs a short break |
| è¿ã | ã¡ãã | chikai | near, close | A cheeky neighbor peeking over your fence â they live so close | é§ ã¯è¿ãã§ã (eki wa chikai desu) - The station is close |
| é ã | ãšãã | tÅi | far | You tow a car â you tow it so far across the country | åŠæ ¡ã¯é ãã§ã (gakkÅ wa tÅi desu) - The school is far |
| åºã | ã²ãã | hiroi | wide, spacious | Hero standing in a vast open plain â heroes need wide spaces for battle | åºãéšå±ã§ã (hiroi heya desu) - Itâs a spacious room |
| çã | ããŸã | semai | narrow, cramped | Stuck in a tiny cement box â cramped cement room | çãéšå±ã§ã (semai heya desu) - Itâs a cramped room |
| å€ã | ããã | Åi | many, much | âOi! Oi! Oi!â â a crowd chanting at a concert, so many people | 人ãå€ãã§ã (hito ga Åi desu) - There are many people |
| å°ãªã | ãããªã | sukunai | few, little | A scuba diver finds only a few fish â the ocean is nearly empty | æéãå°ãªãã§ã (jikan ga sukunai desu) - Thereâs little time |
| æ©ã | ã¯ãã | hayai | early, fast | A hyena sprinting â hyenas are insanely fast | é»è»ã¯æ©ãã§ã (densha wa hayai desu) - The train is fast |
| é ã | ããã | osoi | late, slow | âOh, so slowâ â a snail saying âoh soâ as it crawls | ãã¹ã¯é ãã§ã (basu wa osoi desu) - The bus is slow |
| è¥ã | ããã | wakai | young | Wacky teenagers doing crazy TikTok dances â young and wacky | è¥ã人ã§ã (wakai hito desu) - A young person |
| æãã | ãããã | akarui | bright | A car with headlights blinding you â so bright you canât see | æããéšå±ã§ã (akarui heya desu) - Itâs a bright room |
| æã | ããã | kurai | dark | Picture the villain Cruella de Vil lurking in a dark alley | æãéšå±ã§ã (kurai heya desu) - Itâs a dark room |
| éã | ããã | omoi | heavy | âOh my!â â lifting a boulder, straining, âoh my itâs heavy!â | ãã®ãã°ãã¯éãã§ã (kono kaban wa omoi desu) - This bag is heavy |
| 軜ã | ããã | karui | light (weight) | A car we can lift with one hand â itâs that light | ãã®ãã°ãã¯è»œãã§ã (kono kaban wa karui desu) - This bag is light |
| 匷ã | ã€ãã | tsuyoi | strong | Tsuyoshi the sumo wrestler â the strongest man alive | 颚ã匷ãã§ã (kaze ga tsuyoi desu) - The wind is strong |
| 匱ã | ããã | yowai | weak | âYo, whyâ are you so weak? â a sad noodle-armed person | 颚ã匱ãã§ã (kaze ga yowai desu) - The wind is weak |
| ãããã | ãããã | kawaii | cute | A koala going âwee!â on a swing â adorably cute | ããããç«ã§ãã (kawaii neko desu ne) - What a cute cat |
| ãã£ããã | ãã£ããã | kakko ii | cool, stylish | A cockatoo wearing sunglasses and a leather jacket â effortlessly cool | ãã£ãããè»ã§ã (kakko ii kuruma desu) - Thatâs a cool car |
| ãããã | ãããã | ureshii | happy, glad | âHooray, sheâ won the lottery! â jumping with happiness | ãšãŠãããããã§ã (totemo ureshii desu) - Iâm very happy |
Negation: Drop the final ã and add ããªã (-kunai)
| Affirmative | Negative | English |
|---|---|---|
| é«ã (takai) | é«ããªã (takakunai) | not expensive |
| æã (atsui) | æããªã (atsukunai) | not hot |
| ãããã (oishii) | ãããããªã (oishikunai) | not delicious |
| å¯ã (samui) | å¯ããªã (samukunai) | not cold |
Exception: ãã (ii)
ãã (good) does NOT follow the regular pattern. ãã â ãããªã (yokunai) - not good NOT
ãããªãThis is because ãã comes from the older form ãã (yoi).
Before nouns: ã-adjective goes directly before the noun (no connector needed):
- é«ãè²¡åž / takai saifu / expensive wallet
- å¯ãæ¥ / samui hi / cold day
- ããããã©ãŒã¡ã³ / oishii rÄmen / delicious ramen
- ãã£ããã人 / kakko ii hito / cool/stylish person
Past tense: Drop the final ã and add ãã£ã (katta desu) for affirmative, ããªãã£ã (kunakatta desu) for negative:
| Affirmative | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| Non-past | é«ã (takai) - expensive | é«ããªã (takakunai) - not expensive |
| Past | é«ãã£ã (takakatta) - was expensive | é«ããªãã£ã (takakunakatta) - was not expensive |
Add ã§ã (desu) after each form for polite speech: é«ãã£ãã§ã (takakatta desu).
Exception: ãã (ii) past tense
ãã â ããã£ã (yokatta) - was good ãã â ãããªãã£ã (yokunakatta) - was not good NOT
ããã£ãããã£ãïŒ (Yokatta!) is a super common expression meaning âThank goodness!â or âIâm glad!â
More examples:
- 楜ããã£ãã§ã (tanoshikatta desu) - It was fun
- ãããããªãã£ãã§ã (oishikunakatta desu) - It wasnât delicious
- æããªãã£ãã§ã (atsukunakatta desu) - It wasnât hot
Connecting i-adjectives (te-form): Drop ã and add ã㊠(-kute) to chain multiple adjectives:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| å®ããŠããããã§ãã | Yasukute oishii desu. | Itâs cheap and delicious. |
| 倧ãããŠãããã§ãã | Åkikute kirei desu. | Itâs big and beautiful. |
| ãã®ã¬ã¹ãã©ã³ã¯å®ããŠããããã§ãã | Kono resutoran wa yasukute oishii desu. | This restaurant is cheap and delicious. |
Note
ãã â ãã㊠(yokute), NOT
ãããŠ
ãª-Adjectives (Na-Adjectives)
Do NOT typically end in ã. They need 㪠(na) to connect to nouns. They negate differently from ã-adjectives.
| Kanji | Kana | Romaji | English | Memory Tip | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| éã | ããã | shizuka | quiet | âShh! Zoo. Ka.â â librarian shushing you at a silent zoo | éããªéšå±ã§ã (shizuka na heya desu) - Itâs a quiet room |
| ããã | ããã | kirei | beautiful, clean | A kingâs ray of light shining on a beautiful woman | ããããªäººã§ãã (kirei na hito desu ne) - What a beautiful person |
| ç¹å¥ | ãšãã¹ã€ | tokubetsu | special | You talk to a bear on his birthday â a very special occasion | ç¹å¥ãªæ¥ã§ã (tokubetsu na hi desu) - Itâs a special day |
| ãŸã£ãã | ãŸã£ãã | massugu | straight | A mast with sugar stacked straight up like a pole | ãŸã£ããè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã (massugu itte kudasai) - Please go straight |
| çŽ æµ | ããŠã | suteki | lovely, wonderful | A perfectly cooked steak â what a lovely, wonderful steak | çŽ æµãªè²¡åžã§ãã (suteki na saifu desu ne) - What a lovely wallet |
| æå | ãããã | yÅ«mei | famous | âYou, may I have your autograph?â â asking a famous person | æåãªã¬ã¹ãã©ã³ã§ã (yÅ«mei na resutoran desu) - Itâs a famous restaurant |
| 奜ã | ãã | suki | liked, favorite | You love skiing down the mountain â suki = ski = like! | 鳿¥œã奜ãã§ã (ongaku ga suki desu) - I like music |
| å«ã | ããã | kirai | disliked, hated | A killer eye glaring at you â pure hatred in that stare | çŽè±ãå«ãã§ã (nattÅ ga kirai desu) - I dislike natto |
| å æ° | ããã | genki | energetic, healthy | A Genghis Khan warrior bursting with energy, ready for battle | ãå æ°ã§ãã (o-genki desu ka) - How are you? (polite) |
| å€§å€ | ãããžã | taihen | terrible, tough | Tying a hen that keeps pecking you â what a tough, terrible job | ä»äºã¯å€§å€ã§ã (shigoto wa taihen desu) - Work is tough |
| äŸ¿å© | ã¹ãã | benri | convenient | A bench right where you need to rest â how convenient | é»è»ã¯äŸ¿å©ã§ã (densha wa benri desu) - Trains are convenient |
| äžäŸ¿ | ãµã¹ã | fuben | inconvenient | äž (fu/not) + äŸ¿å© (benri) â literally NOT convenient | ã¡ãã£ãšäžäŸ¿ã§ã (chotto fuben desu) - Itâs a bit inconvenient |
| ç°¡å | ãããã | kantan | easy, simple | Canteen food â so simple to make they serve it in a canteen | ãã®æçã¯ç°¡åã§ã (kono ryÅri wa kantan desu) - This dish is easy |
| è€é | ãµãã〠| fukuzatsu | complicated | Fugu cuts â cutting fugu (pufferfish) is dangerously complicated | æ¥æ¬èªã¯è€éã§ã (nihongo wa fukuzatsu desu) - Japanese is complicated |
| 倧å | ããã〠| taisetsu | important | You tie a SET of important documents together with string | 倧åãªäººã§ã (taisetsu na hito desu) - An important person |
| æ | ã²ãŸ | hima | free (not busy) | A HIPPO lounging on a mat â nothing to do, totally free | ææ¥ã¯æã§ãã (ashita wa hima desu ka) - Are you free tomorrow? |
| ã ã | ã ã | dame | no good, useless | âDamn!â â thatâs no good! (sounds just like it) | ã ãã§ãã (dame desu yo) - Thatâs no good! |
| 倧奜ã | ã ããã | daisuki | really liked, love | A giant dice skiing â 倧 (dai/big) + ski = BIG like = love | ãã§ã³ã¬ãŒãã倧奜ãã§ã (chokorÄto ga daisuki desu) - I love chocolate |
| 倧å«ã | ã ãããã | daikirai | really disliked, hate | A giant die with a killer eye â big + hate | è«ã倧å«ãã§ã (mushi ga daikirai desu) - I hate bugs |
| ã«ããã | ã«ããã | nigiyaka | lively, bustling | A Nigerian yakuza street party â noisy, lively, bustling crowd | ã«ããããªçºã§ã (nigiyaka na machi desu) - Itâs a lively town |
| è²ã | ãããã | iroiro | various | Iro means color â imagine a painter splashing various colors everywhere | è²ã ãªæçããããŸã (iroiro na ryÅri ga arimasu) - There are various dishes |
| ãã³ãµã | ãã³ãµã | hansamu | handsome | It literally IS âhandsomeâ â borrowed from English! | ãã³ãµã ãªäººã§ãã (hansamu na hito desu ne) - What a handsome person |
Tricky ones
ããã (kirei) and å«ã (kirai) end in ã but are na-adjectives, not i-adjectives! Donât be fooled.
Negation: Add ãããªã (ja nai) - same as noun negation
| Affirmative | Negative | English |
|---|---|---|
| éã (shizuka) | éããããªã (shizuka ja nai) | not quiet |
| æ (hima) | æãããªã (hima ja nai) | not free |
| ããã (kirei) | ããããããªã (kirei ja nai) | not beautiful |
Before nouns: ãª-adjective + 㪠+ noun:
- çŽ æµãªè²¡åž / suteki na saifu / lovely wallet
- éããªéšå± / shizuka na heya / quiet room
- ããããªäºº / kirei na hito / beautiful person
Past tense: ã§ã â ã§ãã (deshita) for affirmative, ãããªãã£ãã§ã (ja nakatta desu) for negative:
| Affirmative | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| Non-past | éãã§ã (shizuka desu) - quiet | éããããªãã§ã (shizuka ja nai desu) - not quiet |
| Past | éãã§ãã (shizuka deshita) - was quiet | éããããªãã£ãã§ã (shizuka ja nakatta desu) - was not quiet |
More examples:
- å æ°ã§ãã (genki deshita) - Was healthy/energetic
- æãããªãã£ãã§ã (hima ja nakatta desu) - Was not free
Noun past tense works the same way
åŠçã§ã â åŠçã§ãã (gakusei deshita) - was a student åŠçãããªãã§ã â åŠçãããªãã£ãã§ã (gakusei ja nakatta desu) - was not a student
Connecting na-adjectives (te-form): Add ã§ (de) after the adjective to chain:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| éãã§åºãã§ãã | Shizuka de hiroi desu. | Itâs quiet and spacious. |
| ãããã§äŸ¿å©ã§ãã | Kirei de benri desu. | Itâs beautiful and convenient. |
| ãã®çºã¯éãã§ãããã§ãã | Kono machi wa shizuka de kirei desu. | This town is quiet and beautiful. |
Comparing ã-Adjectives vs ãª-Adjectives (Full Conjugation)
ã-adjective (é«ã takai) ãª-adjective (éã shizuka) Before noun é«ãè²¡åž (takai saifu) éããªéšå± (shizuka na heya) Non-past (+) é«ãã§ã (takai desu) éãã§ã (shizuka desu) Non-past (-) é«ããªãã§ã (takakunai desu) éããããªãã§ã (shizuka ja nai desu) Past (+) é«ãã£ãã§ã (takakatta desu) éãã§ãã (shizuka deshita) Past (-) é«ããªãã£ãã§ã (takakunakatta desu) éããããªãã£ãã§ã (shizuka ja nakatta desu) Te-form (connect) é«ã㊠(takakute) éãã§ (shizuka de) Key pattern: ã-adjectives conjugate by modifying the ã ending. ãª-adjectives behave like nouns (ã§ãã/ãããªãã£ã).
Adverbs of Degree
These modify adjectives to express intensity:
| Kanji | Kana | Romaji | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ãšãŠã | ãšãŠã | totemo | very | 仿¥ã¯ãšãŠãæãã§ã (kyÅ wa totemo atsui desu) - Itâs very hot today |
| ããã | ããã | sugoku | very / really / super | ãã®å¯¿åžã¯ãããããããã§ã (kono sushi wa sugoku oishii desu) - This sushi is super delicious |
| ããŸã | ããŸã | amari | not very | ããŸãé«ããªãã§ã (amari takakunai desu) - Itâs not very expensive |
| å šç¶ | ãããã | zenzen | not at all | å šç¶å¯ããªãã§ã (zenzen samukunai desu) - Itâs not cold at all |
| ã¡ããã© | ã¡ããã© | chÅdo | just right | ã¡ããã©ããã§ã (chÅdo ii desu) - Itâs just right |
Warning
ããŸã (amari) and å šç¶ (zenzen) are always used with negative forms!
- â ããŸãé«ããªã (amari takakunai) - not very expensive
- à ããŸãé«ã (amari takai) - WRONG
Frequency Adverbs
| Japanese | Romaji | Meaning | Polarity | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ãã€ã | itsumo | always | positive | ãã€ã7æã«èµ·ããŸã (itsumo shichi-ji ni okimasu) - I always wake up at 7 |
| ãã | yoku | often | positive | ãããã¬ããèŠãŸã (yoku terebi o mimasu) - I often watch TV |
| æã | tokidoki | sometimes | positive | æã æ¥æ¬æçãé£ã¹ãŸã (tokidoki nihon ryÅri o tabemasu) - I sometimes eat Japanese food |
| ããŸã | amari | not very / not often | negative only | ããŸãéåããŸãã (amari undÅ shimasen) - I donât exercise much |
| å šç¶ | zenzen | not at all / never | negative only | å šç¶ããããŸãã (zenzen wakarimasen) - I donât understand at all |
Warning
ããŸã (amari) and å šç¶ (zenzen) are always used with negative verb/adjective forms!
- â ããŸãé«ããªã (amari takakunai) - not very expensive
- à ããŸãé«ã (amari takai) - WRONG
ãã (yoku) has two meanings
- Often (frequency adverb): ãããã¬ããèŠãŸã (yoku terebi o mimasu) - I often watch TV
- Well / properly (adverb of ãã/ãã): ããããããŸãã (yoku wakarimashita) - I understood well
Other âwellâ examples: ããã§ããŸãã (yoku dekimashita) - Well done! / ããé£ã¹ãŸãã (yoku tabemashita) - Ate a lot!
Other useful modifiers:
- ãã¡ãã (mochiron) - of course
- ãããã (sorekara) - and then
- ã§ã (demo) - but
Verbs (ãŸã Masu Form)
The -ãŸã (-masu) ending makes verbs polite. This is the form used in formal/polite conversation.
Japanese has only two tenses: Past and Non-Past (present/future). The -ãŸã (-masu) form covers non-past (habitual or future action).
Conjugation
| Affirmative | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| Non-past | -ãŸã (-masu) | -ãŸãã (-masen) |
| Past | -ãŸãã (-mashita) | -ãŸããã§ãã (-masen deshita) |
Full example with ãããŸã (kikimasu - to listen):
| Affirmative | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| Non-past | ãããŸã (kikimasu) - I listen | ãããŸãã (kikimasen) - I donât listen |
| Past | ãããŸãã (kikimashita) - I listened | ãããŸããã§ãã (kikimasen deshita) - I didnât listen |
| Question | ãããŸãã (kikimasu ka?) | ãããŸããã (kikimasen ka?) |
Answering questions:
- Yes â ã¯ãããããŸãã/ Hai, kikimasu. (or ã¯ãããããŸãã / Hai, kikimashita for past)
- No â ãããããããŸããã/ Iie, kikimasen. (or ãããããããŸããã§ãã / Iie, kikimasen deshita for past)
Invitations with -ãŸããã (-masen ka)
The negative question form -ãŸããã is used as a polite invitation â âWonât you ~?â / âWould you like to ~?â
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| äžç·ã«é£ã¹ãŸãããã | Issho ni tabemasen ka. | Wonât you eat together (with me)? |
| æ ç»ãèŠãŸãããã | Eiga o mimasen ka. | Would you like to watch a movie? |
| ã³ãŒããŒã飲ã¿ãŸãããã | KÅhÄ« o nomimasen ka. | Would you like to have some coffee? |
Volitional -ãŸããã (-mashÅ) / -ãŸãããã (-mashÅ ka)
-ãŸããã = âLetâs ~â (suggesting an action together) -ãŸãããã = âShall we ~?â / âShall I ~?â (offering/suggesting)
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| è¡ããŸãããïŒ | IkimashÅ! | Letâs go! |
| åž°ããŸãããã | KaerimashÅ. | Letâs go home. |
| æ¥æ¬èªã話ããŸãããã | Nihongo o hanashimashÅ. | Letâs speak Japanese. |
| äžç·ã«é£ã¹ãŸãããã | Issho ni tabemashÅ. | Letâs eat together. |
| äœãé£ã¹ãŸããããã | Nani o tabemashÅ ka. | What shall we eat? |
| ãŸãäŒããŸãããã | Mata aimashÅ. | Letâs meet again. |
Sentence Pattern with ã (o)
The object marker ã (o) marks what the verb acts on:
[Subject] 㯠(wa) [Object] ã (o) [Verb]-ãŸã (-masu)ã
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ç§ã¯ã¢ãŒã«ã¢ã³ãããŒããããŸãã | Watashi wa Äru ando bÄ« o kikimasu. | I listen to R&B. |
| ç§ã¯é³æ¥œããããŸããã | Watashi wa ongaku o kikimasen. | I donât listen to music. |
| ããšã³ã¡ããã¯é³æ¥œããããŸããã | Mi Yon-chan wa ongaku o kikimasu ka? | Does Mi Yeon listen to music? |
[Noun] ã (o) ããŸã (shimasu) Pattern
ããŸã (shimasu, âto doâ) pairs with nouns for activities, sports, and events:
Activities & daily life:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ããŒãã£ãŒãããŸã | pÄtÄ« o shimasu | have a party |
| ããŒããããŸã | dÄto o shimasu | go on a date |
| ã·ã§ããã³ã°ãããŸã | shoppingu o shimasu | go shopping |
| ããŒãã£ã³ã°ãããŸã | mÄ«tingu o shimasu | have a meeting |
| é»è©±ãããŸã | denwa o shimasu | make a phone call |
| å匷ãããŸã | benkyÅ o shimasu | study |
| æçãããŸã | ryÅri o shimasu | cook |
| æŽæ¿¯ãããŸã | sentaku o shimasu | do laundry |
| æé€ãããŸã | sÅji o shimasu | clean |
| æ£æ©ãããŸã | sanpo o shimasu | take a walk |
| é転ãããŸã | unten o shimasu | drive |
| éåãããŸã | undÅ o shimasu | exercise |
Sports (ã¹ããŒããããŸã):
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ãµãã«ãŒãããŸã | sakkÄ o shimasu | play soccer |
| ããã¹ãããŸã | tenisu o shimasu | play tennis |
| éçãããŸã | yakyÅ« o shimasu | play baseball |
| ãã¹ã±ããããŒã«ãããŸã | basukettobÅru o shimasu | play basketball |
| æ°Žæ³³ãããŸã | suiei o shimasu | swim |
| ãžã§ã®ã³ã°ãããŸã | jogingu o shimasu | go jogging |
| ãšã¬ãããŸã | yoga o shimasu | do yoga |
| ãµã«ãµãããŸã | sarusa o shimasu | do salsa |
Comprehensive Verb List (ãŸã Form)
Group 1 verbs:
| Kana | Romaji | English | Memory Tip | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ãããŸã | kaimasu | to buy | You buy a kite at the store â kai = buy a kite | æ¬ããããŸã (hon o kaimasu) - I buy a book |
| ãããŸã | kakimasu | to write | Khaki pants with writing all over them â scribbled notes on khakis | æçŽããããŸã (tegami o kakimasu) - I write a letter |
| ãããŸã | keshimasu | to turn off | You squish a lightbulb to turn it off â keshi = squish off | 黿°ããããŸã (denki o keshimasu) - I turn off the light |
| ãããŸã | kikimasu | to listen | Kiki from Kikiâs Delivery Service listening to her radio while flying | 鳿¥œããããŸã (ongaku o kikimasu) - I listen to music |
| ãŸã¡ãŸã | machimasu | to wait | Waiting for a match on Tinder â staring at your phone, waiting | ããã§ãŸã¡ãŸã (koko de machimasu) - I wait here |
| ãŸãããŸã | magarimasu | to turn | Magarita â youâre so drunk on margaritas you keep turning/swerving | å³ã«ãŸãããŸã (migi ni magarimasu) - Turn right |
| ãã¡ãŸã | mochimasu | to have, to hold | Holding a big sticky mochi rice cake in both hands | ããããã¡ãŸã (kasa o mochimasu) - I hold an umbrella |
| ããããŸã | moraimasu | to receive | A moray eel hands you a gift from the ocean â you receive it | ãã¬ãŒã³ããããããŸã (purezento o moraimasu) - I receive a present |
| ããŸã | nemasu | to sleep | Nemo the fish sleeping at the bottom of the ocean | 11æã«ããŸã (jÅ«ichi-ji ni nemasu) - I sleep at 11 |
| ã®ã¿ãŸã | nomimasu | to drink | âNom nom nomâ â chugging a giant drink, nomming it down | ã³ãŒããŒãã®ã¿ãŸã (kÅhÄ« o nomimasu) - I drink coffee |
| ã®ããŸã | norimasu | to get on | Riding a giant nori (seaweed) sheet like a magic carpet â get on! | é»è»ã«ã®ããŸã (densha ni norimasu) - I get on the train |
| ãããŸã | okimasu | to wake up | âOK, Iâm up!â â alarm rings, you groan âok-i-masuâ | 7æã«ãããŸã (shichi-ji ni okimasu) - I wake up at 7 |
| ããããŸã | okurimasu | to send | Sending a package via OâCourier delivery service | ã¡ãŒã«ãããããŸã (mÄru o okurimasu) - I send an email |
| ãããŸã | oshimasu | to push | Oh, she pushed the big red button! Explosion! | ãã¿ã³ããããŸã (botan o oshimasu) - I push the button |
| ãããŸã | suimasu | to smoke | Sucking smoke through a straw â inhaling = sui | ãã°ãããããŸã (tabako o suimasu) - I smoke a cigarette |
| ãšããŸã | torimasu | to take (photos) | A toucan (tori = bird) holding a camera, snapping photos | åçããšããŸã (shashin o torimasu) - I take a photo |
| ã€ãããŸã | tsukaimasu | to use | Two guys using a giant machine together â tsuka = two guys | ããœã³ã³ãã€ãããŸã (pasokon o tsukaimasu) - I use a computer |
| ã€ãããŸã | tsukurimasu | to make | A tycoon in a factory making products â tsukuri = tycoon making | æçãã€ãããŸã (ryÅri o tsukurimasu) - I make a meal |
| ãããŸã | urimasu | to sell | You reel in customers at a market stall â uri = you reel = sell | è»ããããŸã (kuruma o urimasu) - I sell a car |
| ãã¿ãŸã | yomimasu | to read | Yoda reading a book â âRead this, you mustâ â yomi = Yoda reads | æ¬ããã¿ãŸã (hon o yomimasu) - I read a book |
| ããã¿ãŸã | yasumimasu | to rest, take a day off | âYeah, sue me!â â lying in a hammock on a workday, taking a rest | 仿¥ã¯ããã¿ãŸã (kyÅ wa yasumimasu) - I take today off |
| ããããŸã | wakarimasu | to understand | You walk around a problem until you finally understand it | æ¥æ¬èªãããããŸã (nihongo ga wakarimasu) - I understand Japanese |
| ãããŸã | aimasu | to meet | You meet your eye candy â eye contact across the room, you meet | ææ¥ã圌ãšäŒããŸã (ashita, kare to aimasu) - Iâll meet him tomorrow |
| ãããŸã | yakimasu | to bake, to cook | Yakitori on the grill â yaki always means grilled/baked | ã¯ãããŒãçŒããŸãã (kukkÄ« o yakimashita) - I baked cookies |
| ã¯ãªããŸã | hanashimasu | to speak, to talk | Hannah on a show â Hannahâs talk show, she speaks to guests | æ¥æ¬èªã話ããŸã (nihongo o hanashimasu) - I speak Japanese |
Group 2 verbs:
| Kana | Romaji | English | Memory Tip | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ãããŸã | agemasu | to give | A gem â you give someone a precious gem as a gift | ãã¬ãŒã³ãããããŸã (purezento o agemasu) - I give a present |
| ãããŸã | akemasu | to open | An acorn cracks open â ake = acorn opening | ãã¢ããããŸã (doa o akemasu) - I open the door |
| ã§ãŸã | demasu | to leave | A demon bursting out of the door â leaves the room dramatically | 8æã«ãã¡ãã§ãŸã (hachi-ji ni uchi o demasu) - I leave home at 8 |
| ã¿ãŸã | mimasu | to watch, see | Me, me, me! â pointing at your eyes, âlet ME see!â | æ ç»ãã¿ãŸã (eiga o mimasu) - I watch a movie |
| ã¿ããŸã | misemasu | to show | Miss America on stage â she shows off her talent to the judges | ã¡ãã¥ãŒãã¿ããŸã (menyÅ« o misemasu) - I show the menu |
| ãããŸã | orimasu | to get off | An orangutan jumping off the train â ori = orangutan gets off | é»è»ããããŸã (densha o orimasu) - I get off the train |
| ããããŸã | oshiemasu | to teach | Oh, Shay is such a great teacher! Students love Shayâs class | æ¥æ¬èªãããããŸã (nihongo o oshiemasu) - I teach Japanese |
| ãããŸã | shimemasu | to close | Shimmy the door closed â do a little shimmy to push it shut | çªããããŸã (mado o shimemasu) - I close the window |
| ãã¹ãŸã | tabemasu | to eat | Eating off the table â tabe = table where you eat | 寿åžããã¹ãŸã (sushi o tabemasu) - I eat sushi |
| ãšããŸã | tomemasu | to stop, park | A giant totem pole blocking the road â everything stops | è»ããšããŸã (kuruma o tomemasu) - I park the car |
| ã€ããŸã | tsukemasu | to turn on | Tsuki (moon) â you turn on the moonlight, the room glows | ãã¬ããã€ããŸã (terebi o tsukemasu) - I turn on the TV |
Movement verbs (used with ãž (e) / ã« (ni) particle):
| Kana | Romaji | English | Memory Tip | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| è¡ããŸã / ãããŸã | ikimasu | to go | âIcky!â â stepping in something icky, you GO running away | æ±äº¬ãžè¡ããŸã (TÅkyÅ e ikimasu) - I go to Tokyo |
| æ¥ãŸã / ããŸã | kimasu | to come | âKim! Come here!â â calling Kim to come over | æ¥æ¬ã«æ¥ãŸã (Nihon ni kimasu) - I come to Japan |
| åž°ããŸã / ããããŸã | kaerimasu | to return, go back | A carrier pigeon always returns home â kaeri = carrier returns | ãã¡ãžåž°ããŸã (uchi e kaerimasu) - I go home |
Full Sentence Pattern
The most complete sentence pattern combining everything:
[Time], [Topic] 㯠(wa) [Time] ã« (ni) [Person] ãš (to) [Place] ã§ (de) [Object] ã (o) [Verb]-ãŸã (-masu)ã
| Part | Particle | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Topic | 㯠(wa) | as for [topic] |
| Time | ã« (ni) | at [time] |
| Person | ãš (to) | with [person] |
| Place | ã§ (de) | at/in [place] |
| Object | ã (o) | [object] |
| Verb | -ãŸã | polite verb |
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ä»å€ãç§ã¯æ±ãããšéåº§ã§æ ç»ãã¿ãŸãã | Konâya, watashi wa Higashi-san to Ginza de eiga o mimasu. | Tonight, Iâll watch a movie with Mr. Higashi in Ginza. |
| æ¥ææ¥ã«ãã¿ãªã¿ãããšãããã§ããããã¹ãŸãã | NichiyÅbi ni, Minami-san to Ginza de sushi o tabemasu. | On Sunday, Iâll eat sushi with Minami in Ginza. |
| äºæã«ã客ãããšäŒç€Ÿã§ããŒãã£ã³ã°ãããŸãã | Ni-ji ni o-kyaku-san to kaisha de mÄ«tingu o shimasu. | At 2:00, weâll have a meeting with the client at the office. |
Word order flexibility
The order of [time] ã« (ni), [person] ãš (to), and [place] ã§ (de) can be rearranged. The meaning stays the same as long as particles are correct:
- æ±ãããšéåº§ã§æ ç»ãã¿ãŸã (Higashi-san to Ginza de eiga o mimasu) = éåº§ã§æ±ãããšæ ç»ãã¿ãŸã (Ginza de Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu)
Movement Verbs with Direction & Transportation
For going/coming/returning, use ãž (e) for direction and ã§ (de) for transportation:
[Topic] 㯠(wa) [Transport] 㧠(de) [Direction] 㞠(e) [Movement Verb]
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ç§ã¯ã¿ã¯ã·ãŒã§ãã¡ãžåž°ããŸãã | Watashi wa takushÄ« de uchi e kaerimasu. | Iâll go home by taxi. |
| ç§ã¯å°äžéã§ããŒãžè¡ããŸãã | Watashi wa chikatetsu de bÄ e ikimasu. | Iâll go to the bar by subway. |
| ãã ããã¯é»è»ã§æ±äº¬ãžæ¥ãŸãã | Kimu-san wa densha de TÅkyÅ e kimasu. | Mr. Kim is coming to Tokyo by train. |
The order of ã§ (de) and ãž (e) phrases can be swapped:
- ãã¡ãžã¿ã¯ã·ãŒã§åž°ããŸã (uchi e takushÄ« de kaerimasu) = ã¿ã¯ã·ãŒã§ãã¡ãžåž°ããŸã (takushÄ« de uchi e kaerimasu) â same meaning
Asking about trains/transit:
- ããã¯æ°å®¿ãžè¡ããŸããã/ Kore wa Shinjuku e ikimasu ka? / Does this go to Shinjuku?
- 次ã®é»è»ã¯äœæã«æ¥ãŸããã/ Tsugi no densha wa nan-ji ni kimasu ka? / What time does the next train come? (次/tsugi = next, é»è»/densha = train)
Question Words
| Kanji | Kana | Romaji | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| äœ | ãªã« / ãªã | nani / nan | what | äœã§ãã (nan desu ka) - What is it? |
| ããã | ããã | ikura | how much | ãããã§ãã (ikura desu ka) - How much? |
| 誰 | ã ã | dare | who | 誰㮠(dare no) - whose? |
| ã©ã | ã©ã | doko | where | ã©ãã§ãã (doko desu ka) - Where? |
| ã©ã㪠| ã©ã㪠| donna | what kind of | ã©ããªäºº (donna hito) - what kind of person? |
| ã〠| ã〠| itsu | when | ãã€ã§ãã (itsu desu ka) - When? |
| äœæ | ãªãã | nan-ji | what time | äœæã§ãã (nan-ji desu ka) - What time? |
| äœææ¥ | ãªãããã³ | nan-yÅbi | what day | äœææ¥ã§ãã (nan-yÅbi desu ka) |
| äœæ | ãªãã〠| nan-gatsu | what month | äœæã§ãã (nan-gatsu desu ka) |
| äœæ¥ | ãªãã«ã¡ | nan-nichi | what date | äœæ¥ã§ãã (nan-nichi desu ka) |
| äœå | ãªãã·ã | nan-pun | how many min | äœåã§ãã (nan-pun desu ka) |
| äœæé | ãªãããã | nan-jikan | how many hrs | äœæéã§ãã (nan-jikan desu ka) |
| ã©ãã㊠| ã©ãã㊠| dÅshite | why | ã©ãããŠã§ãã (dÅshite desu ka) - Why? |
| ã©ã¡ã | ã©ã¡ã | dochira | which (of two) | ã©ã¡ããããã§ãã (dochira ga ii desu ka) - Which do you prefer? |
| äœå | ãªããã | nan-mei | how many people | äœåæ§ã§ãã (nan-mei-sama desu ka) - How many in your party? |
ãªã« vs ãªã
äœ is read as ãªã« (nani) when followed by the particle ã:
- äœãããŸããã/ Nani o shimasu ka? / What will you do?
It is read as ãªã (nan) before ã§ã, before counters, and in compounds:
- äœã§ããã/ Nan desu ka? / What is it?
- äœæ / nan-ji / what time
Complete question pattern: ã〠誰㚠ã©ãã§ äœã ããŸããã/ Itsu dare to doko de nani o shimasu ka? / When, with whom, where, what will you do?
Self-Introduction & Meeting People
Basic Self-Introduction Pattern
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ã¯ãããŸããŠã | Hajimemashite. | Nice to meet you. (lit. âfor the first timeâ) |
| ç§ã¯ïŒ¿ïŒ¿ã§ãã | Watashi wa ___ desu. | I am ___. |
| ãããããé¡ãããŸãã | Yoroshiku onegai shimasu. | Please treat me well. (standard closing) |
Business Introduction
When introducing yourself with your company:
[Company] ã® (no) [Name] ã§ã (desu)ã
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ãžã£ãããŒãºãããã®ããŒã¿ãŒã§ãã | JapanÄ«zu Poddo no PÄ«tÄ desu. | Iâm Peter from Japanese Pod. |
| ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ãŠãŒã®æ±ã§ãã | SutairuyÅ« no Higashi desu. | Iâm Higashi from Style You. |
Other Useful Phrases
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ãååã¯äœã§ããïŒ | O-namae wa nan desu ka? | Whatâs your name? (polite) |
| å æ°ã§ããïŒ | Genki desu ka? | How are you? |
| ç§ã¯æ¥æ¬äººã§ãã | Watashi wa nihonjin desu. | Iâm Japanese. |
Honorific Suffixes
Added after someoneâs name. Using the wrong one can be rude or overly familiar.
| Suffix | Kana | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| -æ§ | -ã㟠/ -sama | Most polite. Used for customers, in very formal situations. |
| -ãã | -ãã / -san | Standard polite. Default for most situations - like Mr./Ms. |
| -å | -ãã / -kun | For males who are younger or same age. Common among male friends/coworkers. |
| -ã¡ãã | -ã¡ãã / -chan | Affectionate. For children, close female friends, pets. Sounds cute/casual. |
Warning
Never use -ãã (-san) for yourself! Only for others.
- â ç§ã¯ã¹ãã£ãŒãã³ã§ãã(Watashi wa Sutiibun desu.)
- à ç§ã¯ã¹ãã£ãŒãã³ããã§ãã(Watashi wa Sutiibun-san desu.) â Wrong, donât san yourself
Everyone:
- ã¿ãªãã (mina-san) - everyone (standard)
- ã¿ãªã㟠(mina-sama) - everyone (very polite)
Honorific Prefix ã (o-)
ã (o-) is added before a word to make it more polite or respectful. Itâs not for your own stuff â itâs for others or for general politeness.
| With ã | Romaji | Without ã | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ãåå | o-namae | åå (namae) | name (polite) |
| ãå æ° | o-genki | å æ° (genki) | health/energy (polite) |
| ãæ°Ž | o-mizu | æ°Ž (mizu) | water (polite) |
| ãé | o-kane | é (kane) | money (polite) |
| ãè¶ | o-cha | è¶ (cha) | tea (so common itâs basically always ãè¶) |
| ãäŒèš | o-kaikei | äŒèš (kaikei) | the bill (polite) |
| ã客ãã | o-kyaku-san | 客 (kyaku) | customer/guest (polite) |
Note
Some words like ãè¶ (o-cha, tea) and ãé (o-kane, money) are almost always used with ã â dropping it sounds weird. Others like ãå æ° (o-genki) are only polite; casual would just be å æ° (genki).
Essential Phrases & Expressions
Greetings
| Japanese | Romaji | English | When |
|---|---|---|---|
| ãã¯ããããããŸã | ohayÅ gozaimasu | good morning | morning (formal) |
| ãã¯ãã | ohayÅ | morning | morning (casual) |
| ããã«ã¡ã¯ | konnichiwa | hello / good afternoon | daytime |
| ããã°ã㯠| konbanwa | good evening | evening |
| ãããã¿ãªãã | oyasumi nasai | good night | before sleeping |
Goodbyes
| Japanese | Romaji | English | Formality |
|---|---|---|---|
| ãããŸã | ja mata | see you | casual |
| ãããããŸã | jÄ, mata | well, see you then | casual |
| ãŸãããã | mata ashita | see you tomorrow | casual |
| ãŸãäŒããŸããã | mata aimashÅ | letâs meet again | polite |
| ããããªã | sayÅnara | goodbye | neutral (has a sense of finality) |
| 倱瀌ããŸã | shitsurei shimasu | excuse me (Iâm leaving) | formal/polite |
| ãäžè©±ã«ãªããŸãã | o-sewa ni narimashita | thank you for your kindness/hospitality | formal (when parting after someone helped you) |
| è²ã ãäžè©±ã«ãªããŸãã | iroiro o-sewa ni narimashita | thank you for everything (youâve done) | very formal/grateful |
| ãå æ°ã§ | o-genki de | take care (of yourself) | used for long-term or final goodbyes |
| ãã¡ããã | kochira koso | same to you / you too | response to thanks/compliments |
Note
ãå æ°ã§ (o-genki de) has a permanent feeling â use it when you wonât see someone for a long time or possibly never again. For casual âsee you laterâ goodbyes, use ãããŸã or ãŸãã.
Gratitude Hierarchy (least â most formal)
| Japanese | Romaji | Level |
|---|---|---|
| ã©ãã | dÅmo | very casual, quick thanks |
| ããããšã | arigatÅ | casual thanks |
| ã©ããããããšã | dÅmo arigatÅ | casual but warmer |
| ããããšãããããŸã | arigatÅ gozaimasu | polite thanks |
| ã©ããããããšãããããŸã | dÅmo arigatÅ gozaimasu | most polite |
Response: ã©ãããããŸã㊠(dÅitashimashite) - Youâre welcome.
Apology Hierarchy (least â most formal)
| Japanese | Romaji | Level |
|---|---|---|
| ããã | gomen | very casual (friends only) |
| ããããªãã | gomen nasai | casual apology |
| ãã¿ãŸãã | sumimasen | polite (also means âexcuse meâ) |
| ç³ãèš³ãããŸãã | mÅshiwake arimasen | very formal/business |
Shopping Phrases
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ãããã§ããã | Ikura desu ka? | How much is it? |
| ããããã ããã | Kore o kudasai. | This one please. / Please give me this. |
| ã¡ãã¥ãŒãèŠããŠãã ããã | MenyÅ« o misete kudasai. | Please show me the menu. |
| åã§ãã | ___ en desu. | Itâs ___ yen. |
| çšèŸŒã¿ã§ããã | Zeikomi desu ka? | Is tax included? |
Phone Phrases
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ãããã | moshi moshi | hello (on the phone) |
| ãŸããé»è©±ããŸãã | Mata, denwa shimasu. | Iâll call again. |
| ããäžåºŠããé¡ãããŸãã | MÅ ichido, onegai shimasu. | Could you say that again? |
Understanding
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ããããŸããã | Wakarimasu ka? | Do you understand? |
| ã¯ããããããŸãã | Hai, wakarimasu. | Yes, I understand. |
| ããããããããŸããã | Iie, wakarimasen. | No, I donât understand. |
| ããããŸããã | Wakarimashita. | I understood / Got it. |
Getting Around
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ã¯ã©ãã§ããã | ___ wa doko desu ka? | Where is ___? |
| ããã¯ã©ãã§ããã | Koko wa doko desu ka? | Where am I? |
| ã«è¡ãããã§ãã | ___ ni ikitai desu. | I want to go to ___. |
| å©ããŠïŒ | Tasukete! | Help! |
Food & Ordering
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ããã¯äœã§ããã | Kore wa nan desu ka? | What is this? |
| ããããïŒ | Oishii! | Delicious! |
| ãè ¹ããããŸããã | Onaka ga sukimashita. | Iâm hungry. |
| æ°Žããã ããã | Mizu o kudasai. | Water, please. |
| ãäŒèšãé¡ãããŸãã | Okaikei onegai shimasu. | The bill, please. |
At a restaurant:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| äœåæ§ã§ããã | Nan-mei-sama desu ka? | How many in your party? (staff asks) |
| äºåã§ãã | Ni-mei desu. | Two people. |
| åºå ã§ãé¡ãããŸãã | Tennai de onegai shimasu. | Dine-in, please. |
| ãæã¡åž°ãã§ãé¡ãããŸãã | Mochikaeri de onegai shimasu. | Takeout, please. |
| ãå§ãã¯äœã§ããã | O-susume wa nan desu ka? | What do you recommend? |
| æãã§ãé¡ãããŸãã | ___ nuki de onegai shimasu. | Without ___, please. |
| ããããŸããŸããã | Kashikomarimashita. | Certainly. (very polite, staff says) |
| çµæ§ã§ãã | KekkÅ desu. | No thank you. / Thatâs enough. |
Eating phrases:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ããã ããŸãã | Itadakimasu. | Said before eating (lit. âI humbly receiveâ) |
| ãã¡ããããŸã§ããã | GochisÅ-sama deshita. | Said after eating (lit. âit was a feastâ) |
Note
ããã ããŸã (itadakimasu) and ãã¡ããããŸã§ãã (gochisÅ-sama deshita) are essential Japanese table manners. Always say ããã ããŸã before eating and ãã¡ããããŸã§ãã when youâre done!
Paying:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| å¥ã ã§ãé¡ãããŸãã | Betsubetsu de onegai shimasu. | Separate checks, please. |
| å²ãåã§ãé¡ãããŸãã | Warikan de onegai shimasu. | Letâs split it evenly. |
| äžç·ã§ãé¡ãããŸãã | Issho de onegai shimasu. | All together (one bill), please. |
| ããããŸãã | Ogorimasu. | Iâll treat you. / Itâs on me. |
Gift-Giving Phrases
When giving a gift:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ãããã©ããã | Kore, dÅzo. | Please accept this. (handing over) |
| ã€ãŸããªããã®ã§ãã⊠| Tsumaranai mono desu ga⊠| Itâs not much, but⊠(humble) |
| ã瀌ã§ãã | O-rei desu. | Itâs a token of my gratitude. |
| è²ã ããããšãããããŸããã | Iroiro arigatÅ gozaimashita. | Thank you for everything. |
When receiving a gift:
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ããããšãããããŸãã | ArigatÅ gozaimasu. | Thank you. |
| (ãã¿ãŸããã) ããããšãããããŸãã | (Sumimasen,) arigatÅ gozaimasu. | (Iâm sorry for the trouble,) thank you. |
| ããïŒããã§ãã⊠| Ä? Ii desu yo⊠| What? You really shouldnât have⊠|
Other Useful Expressions
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ãã¿ãŸãã | sumimasen | excuse me / Iâm sorry |
| ãé¡ãããŸã | onegai shimasu | please (requesting something) |
| 倧äžå€« | daijÅbu | itâs okay / are you alright? |
| æ¬åœïŒ | hontÅ? | really? |
| ããïŒ | uso! | no way! / youâre kidding! |
| ã¡ãã£ãš | chotto | a little / just a moment |
| ã ã | dame | no good / donât do that |
| ãã | mÅ | already / soon |
| ãã®ã | anÅ | um⊠/ excuse me (getting attention) |
| ãã£ãš | etto | umm⊠(thinking) |
| ããã§ã / ããã§ãã | sÅ desu / sÅ desu ne | thatâs right / yeah, true |
| ã¡ãã£ãšåŸ ã£ãŠãã ãã | chotto matte kudasai | please wait a moment |
Interjections & Informal Phrases
| Japanese | Romaji | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ããïŒ | are? | huh? / oh? (surprise/realization) |
| ãžã㌠| hÄ | oh really? / I see! (casual interest) |
| ããã | sugoi | amazing / wow |
| ã°ã | baka | stupid / idiot (can be playful or rude) |
| ãã°ã | yabai | oh crap / insane / crazy (bad OR good depending on context) |
| ãã£ãïŒ | yatta! | yes! / we did it! |
| ã»ããšãã« | hontÅni | really / truly / seriously |
| ãšãããã | toriaezu | for now / first of all |
| äºè§£ | ryÅkai | got it / understood (casual acknowledgment) |
| é©åœã« | tekitÅ ni | casually / whatever / loosely |
| ããã€ã | usotsuki | liar |
| ãããªã | ikenai | not allowed / must not / oh no |
| ã©ãããŠïŒ | dÅshite? | why? / how come? |
| å šéš | zenbu | everything / all of it |
| 楜ããã£ãã§ã | tanoshikatta desu | it was fun (past tense of tanoshii) |
| é£çµ¡ãã ãã | renraku kudasai | please contact me |
| ã¡ãŒã«ããŸãã | mÄru shimasu ne | Iâll email you, okay? |
| èªçæ¥ããã§ãšãããããŸã | tanjÅbi omedetÅ gozaimasu | happy birthday (formal) |
Congratulations pattern: [occasion] + ããã§ãšãããããŸã (omedetÅ gozaimasu)
- In casual situations, drop ããããŸã (gozaimasu): ããã§ãšã (omedetÅ)
Vocabulary by Topic
Body Parts
| Kanji | Kana | Romaji | English | Memory Tip |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| é | ãã㟠| atama | head | A llama balancing on your head â atama = a-llama on the head |
| ãè ¹ | ããªã | onaka | stomach | âOh naka!â â grabbing your stomach in pain after bad sushi |
| ç® | ã | me | eye | Point at your eyes and say âME! Look at ME!â |
| 錻 | ã¯ãª | hana | nose | A flower (hana) growing out of your nose â you smell it |
| è³ | ã¿ã¿ | mimi | ear | Mickey Mouse ears â âMimiâ Mouseâs giant round ears |
| æ¯ | 㯠| ha | tooth | âHA!â â laughing so wide you show all your teeth |
| å£ | ãã¡ | kuchi | mouth | Gucci lipstick on your mouth â kuchi = Gucci mouth |
| å | ã®ã© | nodo | throat | A node stuck in your throat â painful lump you canât swallow |
| æ | ㊠| te | hand | Handing someone a cup of tea â te = tea in your hand |
| è¶³ | ãã | ashi | foot, leg | Ashes â you walked through hot ashes barefoot, burning your feet |
| è ° | ãã | koshi | lower back, hip | Kosher back massage â getting a kosher massage on your lower back |
| èäž | ããªã | senaka | back | A senator with a âkick meâ sign on his naked back |
| è | ãã§ | ude | arm | An oodle of noodles wrapped around your arm like spaghetti |
Positional Words
| Kanji | Kana | Romaji | English | Memory Tip |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| äž | ãã | ue | above, on top | âWhey!â â throwing whey protein powder up above your head |
| äž | ãã | shita | below, under | You sh*t yourself and it drops below â shita = below |
| äž | ãªã | naka | inside, within | A knacker hiding inside a box â naka = knacker inside |
| å€ | ããš | soto | outside | Soto â like a martial arts move that throws someone outside the ring |
| å | ãŸã | mae | front, before | My face â whatâs right in front of my face = mae |
| åŸã | ããã | ushiro | behind, back | A usher points behind you â âsir, your seat is ushiro (behind)â |
| 暪 | ãã | yoko | beside, next to | Yoko Ono standing right beside John Lennon |
| é£ | ãšãªã | tonari | next door, next to | Tonari no Totoro (My Neighbor Totoro) â tonari = neighbor/next to |
| å³ | ã¿ã | migi | right | Picture writing âME + Gâ on your right hand â migi = right |
| å·Š | ã²ã ã | hidari | left | He dared to go left when everyone went right â hidari = he dared left |
| è¿ã | ã¡ãã | chikaku | nearby | A cheeky squirrel sitting nearby on the bench next to you |
Countries, Nationalities & Languages
Pattern: Country + 人 (-jin) = person from that country, Country + èª (-go) = language
| Country | Kana | Romaji | Nationality (-jin) | Language (-go) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| æ¥æ¬ | ã«ã»ã | Nihon | æ¥æ¬äºº (nihonjin) | æ¥æ¬èª (nihongo) |
| ã¢ã¡ãªã« | ã¢ã¡ãªã« | Amerika | ã¢ã¡ãªã«äºº (amerikajin) | è±èª (eigo) |
| ã€ã®ãªã¹ | ã€ã®ãªã¹ | Igirisu | ã€ã®ãªã¹äºº (igirisujin) | è±èª (eigo) |
| ã«ãã | ã«ãã | Kanada | ã«ãã人 (kanadajin) | è±èª/ãã©ã³ã¹èª |
| ãã©ã³ã¹ | ãã©ã³ã¹ | Furansu | ãã©ã³ã¹äºº (furansujin) | ãã©ã³ã¹èª (furansugo) |
| ãã€ã | ãã€ã | Doitsu | ãã€ã人 (doitsujin) | ãã€ãèª (doitsugo) |
| äžåœ | ã¡ã ããã | ChÅ«goku | äžåœäºº (chÅ«gokujin) | äžåœèª (chÅ«gokugo) |
| éåœ | ãããã | Kankoku | éåœäºº (kankokujin) | éåœèª (kankokugo) |
Note
England is ã€ã®ãªã¹ (Igirisu), from the Portuguese âInglês.â Donât confuse with ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ã (Ingurando) which specifically means England (not the UK).
Taste Adjectives
All are ã-adjectives.
| Kana | Romaji | English | Memory Tip | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ããã£ã±ã | shoppai | salty | You bite into a shopping bag of pretzels â overwhelmingly salty | 逿²¹ã¯ããã£ã±ãã§ã (shÅyu wa shoppai desu) - Soy sauce is salty |
| çã (ããŸã) | amai | sweet | A mango pie â the sweetest dessert youâve ever tasted | ãã®ãã¡ãã¯çãã§ã (kono ichigo wa amai desu) - These strawberries are sweet |
| èŸã (ããã) | karai | spicy | A karate chop to your tongue â thatâs how spicy it burns | éåœæçã¯èŸãã§ã (kankoku ryÅri wa karai desu) - Korean food is spicy |
| èŠã (ã«ãã) | nigai | bitter | You take a bite and scream âNIGA! Thatâs bitter!â â face puckering up | ãŽãŒã€ã¯èŠãã§ã (gÅya wa nigai desu) - Goya is bitter |
| ãã£ã±ã | suppai | sour | You sip a lemon and your whole face scrunches â sip-a = sour | ã¬ã¢ã³ã¯ãã£ã±ãã§ã (remon wa suppai desu) - Lemons are sour |
Relationships
| Kanji | Kana | Romaji | English | Memory Tip |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| åœŒæ° | ããã | kareshi | boyfriend | Your boyfriend drives a flashy Carrera (Porsche) â kareshi = Carrera-sheâs boyfriend |
| 圌女 | ãã®ãã | kanojo | girlfriend / she | Canoe Joe â your girlfriend paddling a canoe, her name is Jo |
| 女åé | ãããªãšãã ã¡ | onna tomodachi | female friend | onna (woman) + tomodachi (friend) â a woman friend |
| ç·åé | ããšããšãã ã¡ | otoko tomodachi | male friend | otoko (man) + tomodachi (friend) â a man friend |
| åé | ãšãã ã¡ | tomodachi | friend | Your friend Tom is da cheese â tomodachi = Tom-da-cheese, your buddy |
| å | ãŒã | boku | I (masculine, casual) | Boku sounds like book â a boy holding his favorite book saying âI love thisâ |
Cultural Notes
Common Mistakes Foreigners Make
- Using -ãã (-san) for yourself - Never say ç§ã¯ã¹ãã£ãŒãã³ããã§ã (watashi wa Sutiibun-san desu). Drop the ãã (-san) when referring to yourself.
- Politeness levels - Using casual speech with strangers or elders is rude. Default to ã§ã/ãŸã (desu/masu) form.
- Long vowels - ãã°ãã (obasan, aunt) vs ãã°ããã (obaasan, grandmother) - vowel length changes meaning entirely!
- 㯠(wa) vs ã (ga) - Both can mark subjects, but 㯠(wa) marks the topic (old info) while ã (ga) marks the subject (new info). At beginner level, 㯠(wa) is used far more often.
About Japan (Quick Notes)
- Japan consists of 4 main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu
- Population ~126 million, capital is Tokyo
- Food culture: sushi, ramen, tempura, rice is a staple with every meal
- Seasons are important: cherry blossoms (æ¥/haru/spring), festivals in summer, autumn leaves (çŽ è/kÅyÅ)
- Major holidays: New Year (æ£æ/shÅgatsu) is the biggest, Golden Week in May, Obon in August
- Pop culture: anime, manga, J-pop, karaoke are significant cultural exports
- Politeness is deeply embedded in the language and culture - there are multiple levels of formality