Japanese

Personal notes consolidated from JapanesePod101 Introduction Level 1, Absolute Beginner Level 2 Vol 1, Basic Bootcamp / Newbie Season 1 Vol 1, Newbie Season 2 Vol 1, Newbie Season 3 Vol 1, and Newbie Season 4 / Beginner Season 2 Vol 1, plus extra vocab. Grouped by concept instead of lesson order.

Resources:

JapanesePod101 audiobook PDFs (source material):

Alphabets:

Writing System

Japanese uses four writing systems simultaneously:

SystemWhat it isWhen it’s usedExample
ひらがな HiraganaPhonetic, 46 charactersNative Japanese words, grammar particles, verb endingsたべます (tabemasu)
カタカナ KatakanaPhonetic, 46 charactersForeign/borrowed words, emphasis, onomatopoeiaアメリカ (Amerika)
漢字 KanjiChinese charactersContent words - nouns, verb/adjective stems食べます (tabemasu)
RomajiLatin alphabetTransliteration for learners, signstabemasu

Hiragana and Katakana each represent the same set of sounds - they’re two alphabets for the same phonetics. Kanji characters carry meaning and can have multiple readings. In practice, a typical Japanese sentence mixes all three scripts (hiragana, katakana, kanji).

Pronunciation

The 46 Basic Hiragana Sounds

5 vowels form the foundation. Every Japanese syllable ends in a vowel (except ん/n).

aiueo
vowelあ aい iう uえ eお o
kか kaき kiく kuけ keこ ko
sさ saし shiす suせ seそ so
tた taち chiつ tsuて teと to
nな naに niぬ nuね neの no
hは haひ hiふ fuへ heほ ho
mま maみ miむ muめ meも mo
yや yaゆ yuよ yo
rら raり riる ruれ reろ ro
wわ waを wo
ん n

Pronunciation Tips

  • The Japanese r sounds like a light “d” - a single tap of the tongue on the roof of the mouth
  • (fu) is between English “f” and “h” - blow air through both lips, not teeth on lip
  • Vowels (u) and (i) are sometimes devoiced (whispered/silent) between voiceless consonants. E.g. すき (suki) sounds closer to “ski”, です (desu) sounds closer to “des”
  • is “shi” not “si”, is “chi” not “ti”, is “tsu” not “tu”

Particle Pronunciation Exceptions

Important!

When は is used as a particle (topic marker), it is pronounced wa, not “ha.” When へ is used as a particle (direction marker), it is pronounced e, not “he.”

  • 日本人です。→ Watashi wa nihonjin desu. (NOT “ha”)
  • 東京行きます。→ Tōkyō e ikimasu. (NOT “he”)

Voiced Sounds (Dakuten 濁点)

Adding ゛(tenten/dakuten) or ゜(maru/handakuten) to base characters creates 23 additional sounds:

Base →Voiced (゛)Base →Voiced (゜)
か ka →が gaは ha →ば ba
き ki →ぎ giひ hi →び bi
く ku →ぐ guふ fu →ぶ bu
け ke →げ geへ he →べ be
こ ko →ご goほ ho →ぼ bo
さ sa →ざ zaは ha →ぱ pa (゜)
し shi →じ jiひ hi →ぴ pi (゜)
す su →ず zuふ fu →ぷ pu (゜)
せ se →ぜ zeへ he →ぺ pe (゜)
そ so →ぞ zoほ ho →ぽ po (゜)
た ta →だ da
ち chi →ぢ ji
つ tsu →づ zu
て te →で de
と to →ど do

Combination Sounds (Yōon 拗音)

Add a small や (ya), ゆ (yu), or よ (yo) after characters in the i-column to create 33 combination sounds:

yayuyo
kきゃ kyaきゅ kyuきょ kyo
sしゃ shaしゅ shuしょ sho
tちゃ chaちゅ chuちょ cho
nにゃ nyaにゅ nyuにょ nyo
hひゃ hyaひゅ hyuひょ hyo
mみゃ myaみゅ myuみょ myo
rりゃ ryaりゅ ryuりょ ryo
gぎゃ gyaぎゅ gyuぎょ gyo
jじゃ jaじゅ juじょ jo
bびゃ byaびゅ byuびょ byo
pぴゃ pyaぴゅ pyuぴょ pyo

New Katakana-Only Sounds

These only exist in katakana, used for foreign words:

KanaRomajiExample
ファ フィ フェ フォfa fi fe foファッション (fashion)
ヴァ ヴィ ヴ ヴェ ヴォva vi vu ve voヴァイオリン (violin)
ティ トゥti tuパーティー (party)
ディ ドゥdi duディスコ (disco)

Double Consonants (Sokuon 促音)

A small っ (tsu) before a consonant doubles it, creating a brief pause. This changes meaning!

WordRomajiMeaning
きてkitecome
きってkittestamp
かこkakopast
かっこkakkoparentheses
いたitawas
いったittawent/said
もとmotoorigin
もっとmottomore
おとotosound
おっとottohusband

Long Vowels vs Short Vowels

Vowel length changes meaning. Long vowels are held for roughly twice the duration.

ShortMeaningLongMeaning
おばさん obasanauntおばあさん obaasangrandmother
おじさん ojisanuncleおじいさん ojiisangrandfather
ここ kokohereこうこう kookoohigh school
え epictureええ eeyes
ゆき yukisnowゆうき yuukicourage

In hiragana, long vowels are written by adding the vowel:

  • aa → あ+あ, ii → い+い, uu → う+う, ee → え+い (usually), oo → お+う (usually)

In katakana, long vowels use ー (a dash): ラーメン (rāmen), コーヒー (kōhī)

Sentence Structure

Japanese Word Order: SOV

Japanese follows Subject-Object-Verb order, unlike English (SVO). The verb always comes at the end of the sentence.

  • English: I eat sushi. (SVO)
  • Japanese: 私は 寿司を 食べます。/ Watashi wa sushi o tabemasu. (SOV)

The Copula です (desu)

です (desu) is equivalent to English “am/is/are.” It comes at the end of the sentence.

Basic pattern: [Topic] は (wa) [complement] です (desu)。

PatternJapaneseRomajiEnglish
Affirmative私はスティーブンです。Watashi wa Sutiibun desu.I am Steven.
Negative私は先生じゃないです。Watashi wa sensei ja nai desu.I am not a teacher.
Question東さんですか。Higashi-san desu ka?Are you Mr. Higashi?

Negation of です has three polite forms, ranked by formality:

FormRomajiFormality
ではありませんde wa arimasenMost formal (written/business)
じゃありませんja arimasenMid (polite-casual)
じゃないです / じゃないja nai desu / ja naiMost casual (still polite)

All three are polite and acceptable, but use ではありません with elders, in business writing, and in formal speech. Past-tense negation follows the same hierarchy: でしたではありませんでした / じゃありませんでした / じゃなかったです.

でございます — most polite copula

Shop staff and very formal speech use でございます instead of です:

  • 33,000円でございます。/ Sanman sanzen en de gozaimasu. / “That’ll be 33,000 yen.” (more formal than 33,000円です) Customers don’t use でございます for themselves — it’s a marker of service-oriented humility/formality.

Topic Omission

When the subject/topic is already clear from context, it can be dropped. This is very common in Japanese. Instead of 私は映画をみます (Watashi wa eiga o mimasu), you can just say 映画をみます (Eiga o mimasu) - “I’ll watch a movie.”

Two Tenses

Japanese only has two tenses: Past and Non-Past (present/future).

  • Non-past: です (desu), -ます (-masu)
  • Past: でした (deshita), -ました (-mashita)

んです / のです — Explanatory Mood

Adds an “explanation” or “context” wrapper around a statement or question. Used when offering or seeking a reason, background, or context — softens questions (“so what’s going on?”) and statements (“here’s the situation…”). んです is the spoken contraction of のです. Source: Beginner S2 #37, #38, #43.

Formation: attach to the plain form of the predicate.

Predicate typeForm before んですExample
Verbplain form食べるんです / 食べたんです
い-adjectiveplain formおもしろいんです
な-adjectivestem + きれいんです
Nounnoun + 学生んです
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
どうしたんですかDōshita n desu ka?What’s wrong? / What’s going on? (asking for the reason)
面白そうだから、砂漠に行ってみたいんですOmoshirosō da kara, sabaku ni itte mitai n desu.It’s because it seems interesting that I want to go to the desert.
昔は使っていたのですが、今はほとんど使われていないんですMukashi wa tsukatte ita no desu ga, ima wa hotondo tsukawarete inai n desu.We used to use it, but now it’s hardly used (letting you know).
韓国では漢字は使わないのですかKankoku de wa kanji wa tsukawanai no desu ka?(So) you don’t use kanji in Korea? (seeking explanation)

When (not) to add ん

  • Without ん = a plain factual statement: “It’s raining.”
  • With ん = “and here’s the reason/context behind it”: “It’s raining (which is why I’m late / so let’s stay in / …).”

Overusing it sounds nosy or pushy; omitting it where listeners expect context sounds blunt. Plain casual contraction: のだ → んだ.

Particles

Particles are small words placed after nouns/phrases that indicate their grammatical role. They are the backbone of Japanese grammar.

Particles come AFTER the word

Unlike English prepositions (“from 6:30”), Japanese particles attach to the end of the word they mark:

  • ○ 6時半からです。/ Roku-ji han kara desu. / It’s from 6:30.
  • × から6時半 (wrong) Same for に, で, へ, を, etc.

は (wa) - Topic Marker

Marks the topic of the sentence - “As for [topic]…”

Written with the hiragana は (ha) but pronounced “wa” when used as a particle.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
学生です。Watashi wa gakusei desu.I am a student.
今日土曜日です。Kyō wa doyōbi desu.Today is Saturday.
パーティー明日です。Pātī wa ashita desu.The party is tomorrow.

Elliptical 〜は? (formal short questions)

In polite/formal speech you can drop the rest of a sentence and end on 〜は? to ask “(what about) ___?“:

  • ご注文? / Go-chūmon wa? / Your order? (= ご注文は何ですか / what is your order?)
  • お名前? / O-namae wa? / Your name?
  • おタバコ? / O-tabako wa? / Smoking? (asked when seating customers)

か (ka) - Question Marker

Added to the end of a sentence to make it a question. No need to change word order (unlike English).

StatementQuestion
学生です。(Gakusei desu.) - Is a student.学生です。(Gakusei desu ka?) - Is (he/she) a student?
今日は土曜日です。(Kyō wa doyōbi desu.)今日は土曜日です。(Kyō wa doyōbi desu ka?)
暇です。(Hima desu.) - Am free.暇です。(Hima desu ka?) - Are you free?

Answers:

  • Yes → はい (hai)
  • No → いいえ (iie)

の (no) - Possession / Attribution / Origin

Connects two nouns. Works like English “‘s” or “of.”

UsageJapaneseRomajiEnglish
PossessionかさWatashi no kasaMy umbrella
Attribution日本Nihon no kurumaJapanese car / car of Japan
OriginどこDoko no?Where is it from?
Affiliationスタイルユー東ですSutairuyū no Higashi desuI’m Higashi from Style You

の as nominalizer — "the ___ one" / "the act of V-ing"

の can also turn an adjective, verb, or clause into a noun-equivalent. Works like English “one” (“the red one”) or “-ing” (“the eating of…”). Source: Beginner S2 #24.

Formation: i-adj + , na-adj + + , verb-plain + .

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
赤いにします。Akai no ni shimasu.“I’ll have the red one.”
好きなをとろう。Suki na no o torō.“Let’s take the one(s) we like.”
大きいばっかりとったな!Ōkii no bakkari totta na!“You took all the big ones!”
昨日君が買ったを見せてよ。Kinō kimi ga katta no o misete yo.“Show me the one you bought yesterday.”

Compare with こと (also a nominalizer): の is more concrete/perceptual (“the act/thing”); こと is more abstract (“the fact/matter”).

のに (no ni) - For the purpose of / To do X

Marks the purpose or aim — “for the purpose of V-ing” / “in order to V.” Almost always co-occurs with verbs like 使う (use), 便利だ (convenient), 必要だ (necessary), or time/cost expressions like かかる (takes time/money). Distinct from the contrastive のに (“although”). Source: Beginner S2 #44.

Formation: Verb plain non-past + のに + main clause. (For nouns of action, often just [noun] + に is enough.)

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
部品を取り寄せるのに四日かかります。Buhin o tori yoseru no ni yokka kakarimasu.It takes 4 days to order the part.
両親に結婚を許してもらうのに1年かかったよ。Ryōshin ni kekkon o yurushite morau no ni ichi-nen kakatta yo.It took a year to get my parents’ approval for the marriage.
これはワインのコルクを開けるのに便利だね。Kore wa wain no koruku o akeru no ni benri da ne.This is handy for pulling out wine corks.
修理どれぐらいかかりますか?Shūri ni dore gurai kakarimasu ka?How long does it take for repairs? (action-noun + に)

のに has two unrelated meanings

  • Purpose のに (this section): attaches to a verb describing an aim — pairs with 使う / 便利 / 必要 / かかる.
  • Concessive のに (“although, despite”): attaches to a complete predicate and the sentence has a contrastive turn — e.g., 勉強したのに、テストはだめだった (“I studied, but the test still went badly”). Context disambiguates: if かかる/便利/必要 is in the clause, it’s purpose.

も (mo) - Also / Too

Replaces は (wa) to mean “also” or “too.”

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
学生です。Watashi mo gakusei desu.I am also a student.
これおいしいです。Kore mo oishii desu.This is delicious too.
冬果さん来ますか。Fuyuka-san mo kimasu ka?Is Fuyuka coming too?

と (to) - And / With

Has two uses:

1. “And” (listing nouns):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
寿司天ぷらSushi to tenpuraSushi and tempura
コーヒーケーキKōhī to kēkiCoffee and cake

2. “With/together” (doing something with someone):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
東さん映画をみます。Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu.I’ll watch a movie with Mr. Higashi.
ファブリツィオサルサをします。Faburitsio to sarusa o shimasu.I’ll do salsa with Fabrizio.

3. Quotation marker: と marks quoted/reported speech, often with verbs like 言う (to say) and 思う (to think).

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
田中申します。Tanaka to mōshimasu.My name is Tanaka. (lit. “I am called Tanaka”)
「ありがとう」言いました。“Arigatō” to iimashita.(He) said “thank you.”
いい思います。Ii to omoimasu.I think it’s good.

Colloquial 〜って (tte) — casual quotation

In casual speech, って replaces と as the quotation marker, and often the trailing verb (言う/思う) is dropped entirely, leaving 〜って at the end of a sentence to mean “they say…” / “(I/he/she) said…“. Source: Beginner S2 #39.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
この本は売り切れだってKono hon wa urikire da tte.They say this book is sold out.
こうじは今日来るってKōji wa kyō kuru tte.Kōji said he’s coming today.
今日は雪が降るってKyō wa yuki ga furu tte.They say it’s going to snow today.
先生は風邪でお休みだってSensei wa kaze de o-yasumi da tte.They say the teacher is out with a cold.

When the topic is a person, 〜って is ambiguous — “they said” or “X said” (context disambiguates).

を (o) - Object Marker

Marks the direct object of a verb (the thing being acted upon). Used with transitive verbs.

When を (o) is used as a particle, it is always written with を in hiragana (not お).

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
音楽ききます。Ongaku o kikimasu.I listen to music.
映画みます。Eiga o mimasu.I watch a movie.
コーヒーのみます。Kōhī o nomimasu.I drink coffee.
会社休みます。Kaisha o yasumimasu.I take a day off from work.

に (ni) - Time / Direction

Two main uses:

1. Specific time (“at/on/in”): Placed after specific time expressions (3時/san-ji, 金曜日/kinyōbi, 1月15日/ichigatsu jūgo-nichi). But NOT used with relative time (今日/kyō, 明日/ashita, いつ/itsu).

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
3時san-ji niat 3:00
金曜日kinyōbi nion Friday
1月15日ichigatsu jūgo-nichi nion January 15th

Do NOT use に with:

  • 今日 (kyō) - today
  • 明日 (ashita) - tomorrow
  • いつ (itsu) - when

2. Direction (interchangeable with へ):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
うち帰ります。Uchi ni kaerimasu.I’m going home.

へ (e) - Direction

Marks the direction or destination of movement. Pronounced “e”, not “he.”

Interchangeable with に (ni) for direction.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
うち帰ります。Uchi e kaerimasu.I’m going home.
新宿行きますか。Shinjuku e ikimasu ka?Does this go to Shinjuku?
東京来ます。Tōkyō e kimasu.(Someone) is coming to Tokyo.

で (de) - Location of Action / Means

Two main uses:

1. Location where an action takes place (“at/in”):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
銀座映画をみます。Ginza de eiga o mimasu.I’ll watch a movie in Ginza.
うちビリーズブートキャンプをします。Uchi de Birīzu Būto Kyanpu o shimasu.I’ll do Billy’s Boot Camp at home.

2. Means / transportation (“by/with”):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
タクシー帰ります。Takushī de kaerimasu.I’ll go home by taxi.
地下鉄行きます。Chikatetsu de ikimasu.I’ll go by subway.
電車来ますか。Densha de kimasu ka?Are you coming by train?

に vs で — When the place takes which particle

Both can translate to English “at/in,” but they mark different roles with the same place. Pick by what the verb does:

  • = the place is the destination of movement OR where someone/something exists. Use with: 行く, 来る, 帰る, 入る, ある, いる, 住む.
  • = the place is where an action is performed. Use with: 食べる, 飲む, 見る, する, 遊ぶ, 勉強する, 働く.
JapaneseRomajiEnglishWhy
公園行くkōen ni ikuGo to the parkmovement toward
公園遊ぶkōen de asobuPlay at the parkaction happens there
学校行きますgakkō ni ikimasuI go to schooldestination
学校勉強しますgakkō de benkyō shimasuI study at schoolaction takes place there
うちいますuchi ni imasuI’m (located) at homeexistence
うち食べますuchi de tabemasuI eat at homeaction takes place there
東京住んでいますTōkyō ni sunde imasuI live in Tokyo“live” = exist there
東京働きますTōkyō de hatarakimasuI work in Tokyoaction takes place there

Quick test

Ask yourself: does the verb describe going somewhere or being somewhere? → に. Does it describe doing something at that place? → で.

ね (ne) - Tag Question

Sentence-final particle, like “isn’t it?” or “right?” Seeks agreement or confirmation.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
サルサはとても楽しいですSarusa wa totemo tanoshii desu ne.Salsa is really fun, isn’t it?
いいですIi desu ne.That’s nice, right?

Slangy じゃん (jan) — casual tag question

じゃん is a contraction of じゃないか / じゃないの (“isn’t it?”). Used like ね to seek agreement, but slangy — don’t use in formal settings, textbooks, or with elders. Source: Beginner S2 #40.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
いいじゃんIi jan.That’s good, isn’t it? / That’s fine.
去年の夏、海に行ったじゃん↑。Kyonen no natsu, umi ni itta jan↑.We went to the beach last summer, didn’t we?

Intonation matters: rising ↑ = “isn’t it?” / flat = mild emphasis / falling ↓ can imply complaint or criticism.

Regional べ (be) — soft "let's" (Kanto/Tohoku, casual male)

is a sentence-final particle from Kanto and Tohoku dialects. Soft volitional (“let’s ~”) — gentler than 〜よう / 〜ましょう. Used by young male speakers in casual contexts; non-standard. Source: Beginner S2 #40.

Pattern: verb (plain non-past) + べ

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
そろそろ寝るSorosoro neru be.It’s about time to sleep.
さぁ、飲むSā, nomu be.C’mon, let’s drink.
食べるTaberu be.Let’s eat.

よ (yo) - Emphasis / Assertion

Sentence-final particle that emphasizes the speaker’s assertion. “I’m telling you…” / “You know…”

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
パーティーは明日ですPātī wa ashita desu yo.The party is tomorrow, I’m certain.
おいしいですOishii desu yo.It’s delicious, you know!

から (kara) - From

Marks a starting point in time or place.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
9時からです。Ku-ji kara desu.It’s from 9 o’clock.
ここから駅まで何分ですか。Koko kara eki made nan-pun desu ka?How many minutes from here to the station?
からIma kara?From now?

まで (made) - To / Until

Marks an ending point in time or place.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
5時までです。Go-ji made desu.It’s until 5 o’clock.
東京までTōkyō madeTo Tokyo

から (kara) and まで (made) are often used together:

  • 9時から5時までです。/ Ku-ji kara go-ji made desu. / It’s from 9 to 5.

だけ (dake) - Only

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ちょっとだけChotto dakeJust a little / only a bit

が (ga) - Subject Marker

Marks the subject of a sentence. While は (wa) marks the topic (known/background info), が (ga) marks the subject (new/focused info).

At beginner level, が (ga) is most important with these specific verbs and adjectives:

1. With 好き (suki) / 嫌い (kirai) — likes and dislikes:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
私は音楽好きです。Watashi wa ongaku ga suki desu.I like music.
私はサッカー大好きです。Watashi wa sakkā ga daisuki desu.I love soccer.
私は納豆嫌いです。Watashi wa nattō ga kirai desu.I dislike natto.
私は虫大嫌いです。Watashi wa mushi ga daikirai desu.I hate bugs.

The full like/dislike scale:

JapaneseRomajiMeaning
大好きdaisukilove / really like
好きsukilike
嫌いkiraidislike
大嫌いdaikiraihate / really dislike

Sentence Pattern

[Topic] は [thing] 好き/嫌い です。 The thing you like/dislike is marked with が, not を.

一番 (ichiban) — superlative "the most"

一番 literally “number one” acts as the superlative marker — “the most ___” / “-est.” Just stick it in front of the adjective. No “than X” needed — it’s an absolute superlative. For two-way comparisons use のほうが…より instead. Source: Beginner S2 #18.

  • 野球が一番好きです。/ Yakyū ga ichiban suki desu. / “I like baseball the most.”
  • 一番きらい食べ物は何ですか。/ Ichiban kirai na tabemono wa nan desu ka? / “What food do you hate the most?” (keep な before noun for na-adj)
  • 私は彼が一番好きです。/ Watashi wa kare ga ichiban suki desu. / “I like him the best.”

2. With わかります (wakarimasu) — understanding:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
日本語わかります。Nihongo ga wakarimasu.I understand Japanese.
英語わかりますか。Eigo ga wakarimasu ka?Do you understand English?

3. With あります (arimasu) / います (imasu) — existence:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
パスポートありません。Pasupōto ga arimasen.I don’t have my passport.

4. Preference questions with どちら (dochira):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
コーヒーと紅茶とどちらいいですか。Kōhī to kōcha to dochira ga ii desu ka?Which do you prefer, coffee or tea?
コーヒーいいです。Kōhī ga ii desu.Coffee, please. / I prefer coffee.

Sentence-ending 〜が… (soft trailing)

Ending a sentence with 〜が… softens directness or trails off when context is understood. Common in shop/service speech:

  • ホットとアイスがあります…/ Hotto to aisu ga arimasu ga… / “We have hot or iced (…which would you like?)”
  • すみません…/ Sumimasen ga… / “Excuse me, but…”
  • 予約があります…/ Yoyaku ga arimasu ga… / “I have a reservation, (so…)”

This が is not the subject marker — it’s a discourse softener acting like English “but…” trailing off.

し (shi) - Listing reasons / “what’s more”

Sentence-final / sentence-medial conjunction. Two main flavors: listing parallel reasons (“not only A but also B”), and trailing off with an implied reason (“…because, so…”). Common in casual speech. Source: Beginner S2 #54, #56.

Formation: verb/i-adj/na-adj/noun + plain form + .

  • 食べる / 食べた (verb)
  • 高い / 高かった (i-adj)
  • 熱心だ / 熱心だった (na-adj)
  • 子どもだ / 子どもだった (noun)

Use 1: stacking parallel reasons (“A and what’s more B”)

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
料理はおいしい、温泉はある、サービスもいい、最高じゃない。Ryōri wa oishii shi, onsen wa aru shi, sābisu mo ii shi, saikō ja nai.The food is delicious, and there’s an onsen, and the service is great — it’s the best, isn’t it?
彼は熱心に練習する、才能がある、運もいい。Kare wa nesshin ni renshū suru shi, sainō ga aru shi, un mo ii.He practices hard, and has talent, plus he’s lucky.

Use 2: trailing off — implies “so / because”

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
俺は仕事忙しい…。Ore wa shigoto isogashii shiI’m busy with work, so… (the unsaid: “I can’t go.“)
ちょっと風邪を引いてる…。Chotto kaze o hiite iru shiI’ve got a bit of a cold, so…
毎日暑くていやだわ。じめじめするMainichi atsukute iya da wa. Jimejime suru shi.It’s hot every day, ugh. And humid too.

し vs から

Both can give reasons, but し implies multiple reasons (one stated, others implied) — softer and less direct. から states a single reason directly.

Demonstratives

Pronouns: これ / それ / あれ / どれ (kore / sore / are / dore)

Used to point at things. The choice depends on distance from speaker and listener.

JapaneseRomajiMeaningDistance
これkorethis (one)Near the speaker
それsorethat (one)Near the listener
あれarethat (one) over thereFar from both
どれdorewhich (one)?Question form (3+ choices)
  • これはペンです。/ Kore wa pen desu. / This is a pen.
  • それは何ですか。/ Sore wa nan desu ka? / What is that?
  • あれは東京タワーです。/ Are wa Tōkyō Tawā desu. / That over there is Tokyo Tower.
  • どれがあなたのですか。/ Dore ga anata no desu ka? / Which one is yours?

どれ vs どちら

Use どれ (dore) when choosing among 3 or more items. Use どちら (dochira) when choosing between 2 items.

Adjective Form: この / その / あの / どの (kono / sono / ano / dono)

These go directly before a noun (unlike kore/sore/are which stand alone).

JapaneseRomajiMeaning
このかさkono kasathis umbrella
そのかさsono kasathat umbrella (near you)
あのかさano kasathat umbrella (over there)
どのかさdono kasawhich umbrella?

Comparing the two forms

  • これはいくらですか。/ Kore wa ikura desu ka? / How much is this? (pointing, standalone)
  • この財布はいくらですか。/ Kono saifu wa ikura desu ka? / How much is this wallet? (before noun)

Place: ここ / そこ / あそこ / どこ (koko / soko / asoko / doko)

Used to point at locations.

JapaneseRomajiMeaning
ここkokohere (near speaker)
そこsokothere (near listener)
あそこasokoover there (far from both) — note: irregular, NOT あこ
どこdokowhere?
  • トイレはどこですか。/ Toire wa doko desu ka? / Where is the bathroom?
  • ここから駅まで何分ですか。/ Koko kara eki made nan-pun desu ka? / How many minutes from here to the station?
  • あそこです。/ Asoko desu. / It’s over there.

Direction / Polite: こちら / そちら / あちら / どちら (kochira / sochira / achira / dochira)

Means “this way / that way” or, more politely, “this one / that one.” Often used in formal/business contexts as polite versions of これ/それ/あれ/どれ.

JapaneseRomajiMeaning
こちらkochirathis way / this one (polite)
そちらsochirathat way / that one (polite)
あちらachirathat way over there (polite)
どちらdochirawhich way? / which one? (between 2)
  • こちらへどうぞ。/ Kochira e dōzo. / This way, please.
  • コーヒーと紅茶とどちらがいいですか。/ Kōhī to kōcha to dochira ga ii desu ka? / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea?
  • あちらは東さんです。/ Achira wa Higashi-san desu. / That (person) over there is Mr. Higashi.

Manner / Way: こう / そう / ああ / どう (kō / sō / ā / dō)

Means “in this way / like this.” These are adverbs, not pronouns.

JapaneseRomajiMeaning
こう(in) this way / like this
そう(in) that way / like that / right
ああā(in) that way over there / like that
どうhow? / in what way?
  • どうしますか。/ Dō shimasu ka? / What will you do? / How will you do it?
  • そうです。/ Sō desu. / That’s right.
  • こう書きます。/ Kō kakimasu. / You write it like this.
  • どうですか。/ Dō desu ka? / How is it? / What do you think?

Kind / Type: こんな / そんな / あんな / どんな (konna / sonna / anna / donna)

Means “this kind of / that kind of.” Goes before a noun.

JapaneseRomajiMeaning
こんなkonnathis kind of (near speaker)
そんなsonnathat kind of (near listener)
あんなannathat kind of (far from both)
どんなdonnawhat kind of?
  • どんな音楽をききますか。/ Donna ongaku o kikimasu ka? / What kind of music do you listen to?
  • どんな人ですか。/ Donna hito desu ka? / What kind of person is he/she?
  • こんな財布がほしいです。/ Konna saifu ga hoshii desu. / I want this kind of wallet.
  • そんなことないです。/ Sonna koto nai desu. / It’s not like that. / Not at all. (common reply to compliments)

Ko-So-A-Do Summary Table

The complete demonstrative system. Pattern: ko- (near speaker), so- (near listener), a- (far from both), do- (question).

Thing+ NounPlaceDirection (polite)MannerKind
ko- (this)これ koreこの konoここ kokoこちら kochiraこう kōこんな konna
so- (that, near you)それ soreその sonoそこ sokoそちら sochiraそう sōそんな sonna
a- (that, over there)あれ areあの anoあそこ asokoあちら achiraああ āあんな anna
do- (which/where/how)どれ doreどの donoどこ dokoどちら dochiraどう dōどんな donna

Negation with Demonstratives

To say something is NOT something:

  • Casual: じゃない (ja nai)
  • Formal: ではありません (de wa arimasen)
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
これはペンじゃないです。Kore wa pen ja nai desu.This is not a pen.
それは私のではありません。Sore wa watashi no de wa arimasen.That is not mine. (formal)

Numbers & Counting

Basic Numbers (0-10)

NumberKanjiHiraganaRomaji
0ゼロ / れいzero / rei
1いちichi
2ni
3さんsan
4よん / しyon / shi
5go
6ろくroku
7なな / しちnana / shichi
8はちhachi
9きゅう / くkyū / ku
10じゅう

Note

4 and 7 have two readings each. よん (yon) and なな (nana) are generally preferred in counting because し (shi) sounds like 死 (shi, “death”) and しち (shichi) can be confused with いち (ichi).

Tens

NumberKanjiHiraganaRomaji
10じゅう
20二十にじゅうnijū
30三十さんじゅうsanjū
40四十よんじゅうyonjū
50五十ごじゅうgojū
60六十ろくじゅうrokujū
70七十ななじゅうnanajū
80八十はちじゅうhachijū
90九十きゅうじゅうkyūjū

Combine: 25 = にじゅうご (nijū go), 63 = ろくじゅうさん (rokujū san)

Hundreds

NumberKanjiRomajiNotes
100hyaku
200二百ni-hyaku
300三百san-byakuIrregular!
400四百yon-hyaku
500五百go-hyaku
600六百roppyakuIrregular!
700七百nana-hyaku
800八百happyakuIrregular!
900九百kyū-hyaku

Thousands and Beyond

NumberKanjiRomaji
1,000sen
3,000三千san-zen (irregular)
8,000八千hassen (irregular)
10,000一万ichi-man
100,000十万jū-man

Phone Numbers

Phone numbers are read digit by digit with の (no) between groups: 03-1234-5678 → ゼロさん の いちにさんよん の ごろくななはち (zero san no ichi ni san yon no go roku nana hachi)

Money / Prices

The currency is 円 (えん / en / yen).

  • 500円 → ごひゃくえん (go-hyaku en) → 500 yen
  • いくらですか。/ Ikura desu ka? / How much is it?
  • 税込み (ぜいこみ / zeikomi) → tax included

Decimals: 点 (ten)

The kanji 点 (てん / ten, “dot”) is read between the integer and decimal portion.

NumberReadingRomaji
39.5度さんじゅうきゅうてんご どsanjū-kyū ten go do (39.5°)
16.84じゅうろくてんはちよんjūroku ten hachi yon
0.5れいてんご / ゼロてんrei ten go / zero ten go

The digits after 点 are read individually, NOT as a combined number (e.g., 16.84 is “ten-eight-four,” NOT “ten-eighty-four”).

Counters

Japanese uses counters (助数詞 josūshi) — special suffixes that change shape depending on what you’re counting. The counter goes after the number. Many counters have irregular sound changes for 1, 6, 8, and 10. Source: Beginner S2 #4, #31.

CounterReadingWhat it countsSpecial readings
-こ (-ko)Small objects (general/universal)1個 ikko, 6個 rokko, 8個 hakko
-ほん (-hon)Long thin objects (bottles, pens, tubes)1本 ippon, 3本 sanbon, 6本 roppon, 8本 happon
-まい (-mai)Thin flat objects (paper, plates, tickets)regular: 1枚 ichi-mai, 3枚 san-mai
-はい (-hai)Cups, glasses, bowls (drinks)1杯 ippai, 3杯 sanbai, 6杯 roppai
-ふくろ (-fukuro)Bags of something1袋 hitofukuro, 3袋 sanfukuro, 6袋 roppukuro
-つ (-tsu)Native counter for general objects (1-10)1つ hitotsu, 2つ futatsu, 3つ mittsu, 4つ yottsu, 5つ itsutsu, 6つ muttsu, 7つ nanatsu, 8つ yattsu, 9つ kokonotsu, 10 とお tō
-にん (-nin)People1人 hitori, 2人 futari, then regular -nin
-めい (-mei)People (formal/restaurant use)regular
-さつ (-satsu)Books, paper currency1冊 issatsu, 6冊 rokusatsu, 8冊 hassatsu
-ひき (-hiki)Small animals, insects1匹 ippiki, 3匹 sanbiki, 6匹 roppiki, 8匹 happiki
-とう (-tō)Large animals1頭 ittō, 6頭 rokutō, 8頭 hattō
-わ (-wa)Birds and rabbits1羽 ichiwa, 3羽 sanwa, 6羽 rokuwa
-だい (-dai)Cars, machines, large vehiclesregular: 1台 ichidai
-かい (-kai)Floors of a building1階 ikkai, 3階 sankai, 6階 rokkai, 8階 hakkai
-かい (-kai)Times (occurrences)1回 ikkai, 6回 rokkai, 8回 hakkai
-ど (-do)Degrees (temperature, frequency)regular
-はこ (-hako)Boxesregular

一つ vs 一個 — both mean "one"

The native つ counter (1-10) and the universal 個 (-ko) overlap but feel different: つ is older, more conversational; 個 is more “modern,” used widely in shopping. Both work for general small objects.

In a sentence

  • リンゴを3つください。/ Ringo o mittsu kudasai. / “Three apples, please.”
  • 鳥を2羽見ました。/ Tori o niwa mimashita. / “I saw two birds.”
  • 犬が3匹います。/ Inu ga sanbiki imasu. / “There are three dogs.”
  • 本を5冊買いました。/ Hon o gosatsu kaimashita. / “I bought five books.”
  • 3階の部屋です。/ Sankai no heya desu. / “It’s a room on the 3rd floor.”

Time & Dates

Telling Time (Hours)

何時ですか。/ Nan-ji desu ka? / What time is it?

HourKanjiHiraganaRomajiNotes
1:00一時いちじichi-ji
2:00二時にじni-ji
3:00三時さんじsan-ji
4:00四時よじyo-jiNOT shi-ji!
5:00五時ごじgo-ji
6:00六時ろくじroku-ji
7:00七時しちじshichi-ji
8:00八時はちじhachi-ji
9:00九時くじku-jiNOT kyū-ji!
10:00十時じゅうじjū-ji
11:00十一時じゅういちじjūichi-ji
12:00十二時じゅうにじjūni-ji

Half past: Add 半 (はん / han)

  • 3:30 → 三時半 / san-ji han

AM/PM: 午前 (ごぜん / gozen) = AM, 午後 (ごご / gogo) = PM

Word Order

In Japanese, AM/PM comes before the time (opposite of English):

  • ○ 午後1時です。/ Gogo ichi-ji desu. / It’s 1:00 PM.
  • × 1時午後です。(Wrong!)

Minutes

MinuteHiraganaRomajiNotes
1分いっぷんippunIrregular
2分にふんni-fun
3分さんぷんsanpunIrregular
4分よんぷんyonpunIrregular
5分ごふんgo-fun
6分ろっぷんroppunIrregular
7分ななふんnana-fun
8分はっぷんhappunIrregular
9分きゅうふんkyū-fun
10分じゅっぷんjuppunIrregular

ぐらい (gurai) = approximately

  • 10分ぐらいです。/ Juppun gurai desu. / It’s about 10 minutes.

Minutes BEFORE the hour with 前 (mae)

State the upcoming hour, then how many minutes before it. Pattern: [hour]時 + [minutes]分 + 前. 前 here means “before/until,” not “in front of.” Source: Beginner S2 #1.

  • 午後6時15分前 / Gogo roku-ji jūgo-fun mae / “15 minutes before 6 p.m.” (= 5:45 p.m.)
  • 午前8時10分前 / Gozen hachi-ji juppun mae / “10 minutes before 8 a.m.” (= 7:50 a.m.)
  • 5時2分前 / Go-ji ni-fun mae / “2 minutes before 5” (= 4:58)

Duration (Hours)

DurationHiraganaRomaji
1時間いちじかんichi-jikan
2時間にじかんni-jikan
3時間さんじかんsan-jikan
4時間よじかんyo-jikan
5時間ごじかんgo-jikan

何分 (なんぷん / nan-pun) = how many minutes? 何時間 (なんじかん / nan-jikan) = how many hours?

Pattern: ここから…まで何分ですか。/ Koko kara … made nan-pun desu ka? / How many minutes from here to …?

Days of the Week

何曜日ですか。/ Nan-yōbi desu ka? / What day of the week is it?

KanjiHiraganaRomajiEnglishExample
月曜日げつようびgetsuyōbiMonday月曜日に仕事をします (getsuyōbi ni shigoto o shimasu) - I work on Monday
火曜日かようびkayōbiTuesday火曜日にテニスをします (kayōbi ni tenisu o shimasu) - I play tennis on Tuesday
水曜日すいようびsuiyōbiWednesday水曜日は暇です (suiyōbi wa hima desu) - I’m free on Wednesday
木曜日もくようびmokuyōbiThursday木曜日に映画をみます (mokuyōbi ni eiga o mimasu) - I watch a movie on Thursday
金曜日きんようびkinyōbiFriday金曜日にパーティーをします (kinyōbi ni pātī o shimasu) - We have a party on Friday
土曜日どようびdoyōbiSaturday土曜日にショッピングをします (doyōbi ni shoppingu o shimasu) - I go shopping on Saturday
日曜日にちようびnichiyōbiSunday日曜日はやすみます (nichiyōbi wa yasumimasu) - I rest on Sunday

Months

何月ですか。/ Nan-gatsu desu ka? / What month is it?

MonthKanjiHiraganaRomaji
1一月いちがつichi-gatsu
2二月にがつni-gatsu
3三月さんがつsan-gatsu
4四月しがつshi-gatsu
5五月ごがつgo-gatsu
6六月ろくがつroku-gatsu
7七月しちがつshichi-gatsu
8八月はちがつhachi-gatsu
9九月くがつku-gatsu
10十月じゅうがつjū-gatsu
11十一月じゅういちがつjūichi-gatsu
12十二月じゅうにがつjūni-gatsu

Days of the Month

何日ですか。/ Nan-nichi desu ka? / What’s the date?

The first 10 days and the 20th have special readings (not just number + nichi):

DayKanjiHiraganaRomaji
1一日ついたちtsuitachi
2二日ふつかfutsuka
3三日みっかmikka
4四日よっかyokka
5五日いつかitsuka
6六日むいかmuika
7七日なのかnanoka
8八日ようかyōka
9九日ここのかkokonoka
10十日とおかtōka
14十四日じゅうよっかjūyokka
20二十日はつかhatsuka
24二十四日にじゅうよっかnijūyokka

Days 11-13, 15-19, 21-23, 25-31 follow the regular pattern: number + にち (nichi). E.g. 11日 (jūichi-nichi), 25日 (nijūgo-nichi), 31日 (sanjūichi-nichi)

Relative Time Words

KanjiHiraganaRomajiEnglishExample
昨日きのうkinōyesterday昨日は楽しかったです (kinō wa tanoshikatta desu) - Yesterday was fun
今日きょうkyōtoday今日は暑いですね (kyō wa atsui desu ne) - It’s hot today
明日あしたashitatomorrow明日は暇ですか (ashita wa hima desu ka) - Are you free tomorrow?
いまimanow今、何時ですか (ima, nan-ji desu ka) - What time is it now?

Kanji Readings

明日 has 3 readings: あした (ashita), あす (asu), みょうにち (myōnichi). あした is most common in daily conversation. 今日 has 2 readings: きょう (kyō) and こんにち (konnichi). きょう is used in conversation. These are 熟字訓 (jukujikun) - special idiomatic kanji readings.

Time of day:

JapaneseRomajiEnglishExample
朝 / あさasamorning朝コーヒーをのみます (asa kōhī o nomimasu) - I drink coffee in the morning
昼 / ひるhirunoon昼ごはんをたべます (hiru gohan o tabemasu) - I eat lunch
午後 / ごごgogoafternoon午後は忙しいです (gogo wa isogashii desu) - I’m busy in the afternoon
晩 / ばんbanevening晩ごはんをつくります (ban gohan o tsukurimasu) - I make dinner
夜 / よるyorunight夜、本をよみます (yoru, hon o yomimasu) - At night, I read a book

Compound time expressions:

  • This morning → 今日の朝 / きょうのあさ / kyō no asa, or 今朝 / けさ / kesa
  • This afternoon → 今日の昼 / きょうのひる / kyō no hiru
  • This evening → 今日の晩 / きょうのばん / kyō no ban, or 今晩 / こんばん / konban
  • Tonight → 今日の夜 / きょうのよる / kyō no yoru, or 今夜 / こんや / konya

Years

Counter: 年 (ねん / nen)

Relative years:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
去年きょねん / kyonenlast year
今年ことし / kotoshithis year
来年らいねん / rainennext year

Duration in years:

DurationHiraganaRomajiNotes
1年いちねんichi-nen
2年にねんni-nen
3年さんねんsan-nen
4年よねんyo-nenNOT shi-nen!
5年ごねんgo-nen
6年ろくねんroku-nen
7年ななねんnana-nen
8年はちねんhachi-nen
9年きゅうねんkyū-nen
10年じゅうねんjū-nen

何年 (なんねん / nan-nen) = how many years?

  • 日本に3年住んでいます。/ Nihon ni san-nen sunde imasu. / I’ve lived in Japan for 3 years.

Other time words:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
毎日まいにち / mainichievery day
毎週まいしゅう / maishūevery week
毎月まいつき / maitsukievery month
毎年まいとし / maitoshievery year

Adjectives

Japanese has two types of adjectives that conjugate differently. Understanding the difference is essential.

い-Adjectives (I-Adjectives)

Always end in い (i). They conjugate directly - no helper words needed.

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
高いたかいtakaiexpensive, tallA taco that costs $1000 — that’s one expensive tacoこの財布は高いです (kono saifu wa takai desu) - This wallet is expensive
安いやすいyasuicheap, inexpensivePicture a yak suit — a suit made of yak fur from a thrift store, super cheapこのラーメンは安いです (kono rāmen wa yasui desu) - This ramen is cheap
暑いあついatsuihot (weather)Achoo!” — you sneeze because the sun is burning so hot your nose melts今日は暑いですね (kyō wa atsui desu ne) - It’s hot today, isn’t it
暖かいあたたかいatatakaiwarmA tatami mat by a fireplace — warm and cozy on the tatami今日は暖かいです (kyō wa atatakai desu) - It’s warm today
寒いさむいsamuicold (weather)A samurai standing in a blizzard, armor covered in ice今日は寒いです (kyō wa samui desu) - It’s cold today
涼しいすずしいsuzushiicool (weather)A Suzuki motorcycle zooming past — the wind feels cool on your face今日は涼しいですね (kyō wa suzushii desu ne) - It’s cool today, right
大きいおおきいōkiibigAn oak tree — massive, towering oak tree in a field大きい犬ですね (ōkii inu desu ne) - That’s a big dog
小さいちいさいchiisaismallA tiny chisel carving something microscopic — chisel = small小さい車です (chiisai kuruma desu) - It’s a small car
新しいあたらしいatarashiinewA tarot sheet — you pull a brand new tarot card fresh from the pack新しい電話です (atarashii denwa desu) - It’s a new phone
古いふるいfuruiold (things)A furry antique — so old it’s grown fur and cobwebs古い本です (furui hon desu) - It’s an old book
いい / 良いいい / よいii / yoigoodEeee!” — squealing with delight because it’s so goodいい天気ですね (ii tenki desu ne) - Nice weather, isn’t it
悪いわるいwaruibadA warlock casting evil spells — warlocks are bad天気が悪いです (tenki ga warui desu) - The weather is bad
おいしいおいしいoishiideliciousOi, she” cooked the most delicious meal — everyone points at the chefこの寿司はおいしいです (kono sushi wa oishii desu) - This sushi is delicious
まずいまずいmazuibad tastingA maze made of rotten food — navigating through disgusting tastesこのコーヒーはまずいです (kono kōhī wa mazui desu) - This coffee tastes bad
楽しいたのしいtanoshiifun, enjoyableTon of sheep — a ton of sheep bouncing around at a fun partyパーティーは楽しいです (pātī wa tanoshii desu) - The party is fun
おもしろいおもしろいomoshiroiinteresting, funnyOh Moe, she roy-ally cracked me up!” — Moe tells the funniest jokeこの映画はおもしろいです (kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu) - This movie is interesting
つまらないつまらないtsumaranaiboringTsunami? Nah. Even a tsunami would be boring to this guy — he yawnsこの映画はつまらないです (kono eiga wa tsumaranai desu) - This movie is boring
忙しいいそがしいisogashiibusyHe so gosh-darn busy!” — a man juggling 10 phones, papers flying everywhere今日は忙しいです (kyō wa isogashii desu) - I’m busy today
難しいむずかしいmuzukashiidifficultA moose doing calculus on a chalkboard — extremely difficult日本語は難しいです (nihongo wa muzukashii desu) - Japanese is difficult
易しいやさしいyasashiieasy, gentlePicture a gentle yak in a sash — the softest, easiest yak to petこの本は易しいです (kono hon wa yasashii desu) - This book is easy
長いながいnagailongA naga (mythical serpent) — incredibly long snake body stretching for miles長い映画です (nagai eiga desu) - It’s a long movie
短いみじかいmijikaishortMidget guy — a really short little dude短い休みです (mijikai yasumi desu) - It’s a short break
近いちかいchikainear, closeA cheeky neighbor peeking over your fence — they live so close駅は近いです (eki wa chikai desu) - The station is close
遠いとおいtōifarYou tow a car — you tow it so far across the country学校は遠いです (gakkō wa tōi desu) - The school is far
広いひろいhiroiwide, spaciousHero standing in a vast open plain — heroes need wide spaces for battle広い部屋です (hiroi heya desu) - It’s a spacious room
狭いせまいsemainarrow, crampedStuck in a tiny cement box — cramped cement room狭い部屋です (semai heya desu) - It’s a cramped room
多いおおいōimany, muchOi! Oi! Oi!” — a crowd chanting at a concert, so many people人が多いです (hito ga ōi desu) - There are many people
少ないすくないsukunaifew, littleA scuba diver finds only a few fish — the ocean is nearly empty時間が少ないです (jikan ga sukunai desu) - There’s little time
早いはやいhayaiearly, fastA hyena sprinting — hyenas are insanely fast電車は早いです (densha wa hayai desu) - The train is fast
遅いおそいosoilate, slowOh, so slow” — a snail saying “oh so” as it crawlsバスは遅いです (basu wa osoi desu) - The bus is slow
若いわかいwakaiyoungWacky teenagers doing crazy TikTok dances — young and wacky若い人です (wakai hito desu) - A young person
明るいあかるいakaruibrightA car with headlights blinding you — so bright you can’t see明るい部屋です (akarui heya desu) - It’s a bright room
暗いくらいkuraidarkPicture the villain Cruella de Vil lurking in a dark alley暗い部屋です (kurai heya desu) - It’s a dark room
重いおもいomoiheavyOh my!” — lifting a boulder, straining, “oh my it’s heavy!”このかばんは重いです (kono kaban wa omoi desu) - This bag is heavy
軽いかるいkaruilight (weight)A car we can lift with one hand — it’s that lightこのかばんは軽いです (kono kaban wa karui desu) - This bag is light
強いつよいtsuyoistrongTsuyoshi the sumo wrestler — the strongest man alive風が強いです (kaze ga tsuyoi desu) - The wind is strong
弱いよわいyowaiweakYo, why” are you so weak? — a sad noodle-armed person風が弱いです (kaze ga yowai desu) - The wind is weak
かわいいかわいいkawaiicuteA koala going “wee!” on a swing — adorably cuteかわいい猫ですね (kawaii neko desu ne) - What a cute cat
かっこいいかっこいいkakko iicool, stylishA cockatoo wearing sunglasses and a leather jacket — effortlessly coolかっこいい車です (kakko ii kuruma desu) - That’s a cool car
うれしいうれしいureshiihappy, gladHooray, she” won the lottery! — jumping with happinessとてもうれしいです (totemo ureshii desu) - I’m very happy
眠いねむいnemuisleepyNeh-moo-ee” — like saying “Nemo, eee!” — Nemo the fish is so sleepy朝、眠いです (asa, nemui desu) - I’m sleepy in the morning
うらやましいうらやましいurayamashiienvious, enviableOo-rah-yamashii” — “ooh, ya massa!” — envying someone’s mansion友達がうらやましいです (tomodachi ga urayamashii desu) - I envy my friend
すばらしいすばらしいsubarashiiwonderful, splendidSue-bara-shee” — “sue Barash, she’s” amazingすばらしい景色です (subarashii keshiki desu) - It’s a wonderful view
だるいだるいdaruisluggish, listlessDah-roo-ee” — “dah-rule-ee” — too sluggish to follow rules体がだるいです (karada ga darui desu) - I feel sluggish
ほしいほしいhoshiiwanted, desired (i-adj of wanting)Ho-shi-ee” — “ho-she-ee, gimme!” — desire on display新しい車がほしいです (atarashii kuruma ga hoshii desu) - I want a new car
細いほそいhosoithin (in width / build)Ho-so-ee” — “ho! so easy” to fit through, you’re thin彼は細いです (kare wa hosoi desu) - He’s thin
太いふといfutoifat, thickFoo-toh-ee” — “foo, too eee-asy” to spot, he’s wide太い指です (futoi yubi desu) - Thick fingers

Negation: Drop the final い and add くない (-kunai)

AffirmativeNegativeEnglish
高い (takai)くない (takakunai)not expensive
暑い (atsui)くない (atsukunai)not hot
おいしい (oishii)おいしくない (oishikunai)not delicious
寒い (samui)くない (samukunai)not cold

Exception: いい (ii)

いい (good) does NOT follow the regular pattern. いい → よくない (yokunai) - not good NOT いくない This is because いい comes from the older form よい (yoi).

Before nouns: い-adjective goes directly before the noun (no connector needed):

  • 高い財布 / takai saifu / expensive wallet
  • 寒い日 / samui hi / cold day
  • おいしいラーメン / oishii rāmen / delicious ramen
  • かっこいい人 / kakko ii hito / cool/stylish person

Past tense: Drop the final い and add かった (katta desu) for affirmative, くなかった (kunakatta desu) for negative:

AffirmativeNegative
Non-past高い (takai) - expensive高くない (takakunai) - not expensive
Pastかった (takakatta) - was expensiveくなかった (takakunakatta) - was not expensive

Add です (desu) after each form for polite speech: 高かったです (takakatta desu).

Exception: いい (ii) past tense

いい → よかった (yokatta) - was good いい → よくなかった (yokunakatta) - was not good NOT いかった

よかった! (Yokatta!) is a super common expression meaning “Thank goodness!” or “I’m glad!”

More examples:

  • 楽しかったです (tanoshikatta desu) - It was fun
  • おいしくなかったです (oishikunakatta desu) - It wasn’t delicious
  • 暑くなかったです (atsukunakatta desu) - It wasn’t hot

Connecting i-adjectives (te-form): Drop い and add くて (-kute) to chain multiple adjectives:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
安くておいしいです。Yasukute oishii desu.It’s cheap and delicious.
大きくてきれいです。Ōkikute kirei desu.It’s big and beautiful.
このレストランは安くておいしいです。Kono resutoran wa yasukute oishii desu.This restaurant is cheap and delicious.

Note

いい → よくて (yokute), NOT いくて

な-Adjectives (Na-Adjectives)

Do NOT typically end in い. They need な (na) to connect to nouns. They negate differently from い-adjectives.

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
静かしずかshizukaquietShh! Zoo. Ka.” — librarian shushing you at a silent zoo静かな部屋です (shizuka na heya desu) - It’s a quiet room
きれいきれいkireibeautiful, cleanA king’s ray of light shining on a beautiful womanきれいな人ですね (kirei na hito desu ne) - What a beautiful person
特別とくべつtokubetsuspecialYou talk to a bear on his birthday — a very special occasion特別な日です (tokubetsu na hi desu) - It’s a special day
まっすぐまっすぐmassugustraightA mast with sugar stacked straight up like a poleまっすぐ行ってください (massugu itte kudasai) - Please go straight
素敵すてきsutekilovely, wonderfulA perfectly cooked steak — what a lovely, wonderful steak素敵な財布ですね (suteki na saifu desu ne) - What a lovely wallet
有名ゆうめいyūmeifamousYou, may I have your autograph?” — asking a famous person有名なレストランです (yūmei na resutoran desu) - It’s a famous restaurant
好きすきsukiliked, favoriteYou love skiing down the mountain — suki = ski = like!音楽が好きです (ongaku ga suki desu) - I like music
嫌いきらいkiraidisliked, hatedA killer eye glaring at you — pure hatred in that stare納豆が嫌いです (nattō ga kirai desu) - I dislike natto
元気げんきgenkienergetic, healthyA Genghis Khan warrior bursting with energy, ready for battleお元気ですか (o-genki desu ka) - How are you? (polite)
大変たいへんtaihenterrible, toughTying a hen that keeps pecking you — what a tough, terrible job仕事は大変です (shigoto wa taihen desu) - Work is tough
便利べんりbenriconvenientA bench right where you need to rest — how convenient電車は便利です (densha wa benri desu) - Trains are convenient
不便ふべんfubeninconvenient不 (fu/not) + 便利 (benri) — literally NOT convenientちょっと不便です (chotto fuben desu) - It’s a bit inconvenient
簡単かんたんkantaneasy, simpleCanteen food — so simple to make they serve it in a canteenこの料理は簡単です (kono ryōri wa kantan desu) - This dish is easy
複雑ふくざつfukuzatsucomplicatedFugu cuts — cutting fugu (pufferfish) is dangerously complicated日本語は複雑です (nihongo wa fukuzatsu desu) - Japanese is complicated
大切たいせつtaisetsuimportantYou tie a SET of important documents together with string大切な人です (taisetsu na hito desu) - An important person
ひまhimafree (not busy)A HIPPO lounging on a mat — nothing to do, totally free明日は暇ですか (ashita wa hima desu ka) - Are you free tomorrow?
だめだめdameno good, uselessDamn!” — that’s no good! (sounds just like it)だめですよ (dame desu yo) - That’s no good! / タバコはだめです (tabako wa dame desu) - Smoking is forbidden / アルコールはだめです! - No alcohol!
大好きだいすきdaisukireally liked, loveA giant dice skiing — 大 (dai/big) + ski = BIG like = loveチョコレートが大好きです (chokorēto ga daisuki desu) - I love chocolate
大嫌いだいきらいdaikiraireally disliked, hateA giant die with a killer eye — big + hate虫が大嫌いです (mushi ga daikirai desu) - I hate bugs
にぎやかにぎやかnigiyakalively, bustlingA Nigerian yakuza street party — noisy, lively, bustling crowdにぎやかな町です (nigiyaka na machi desu) - It’s a lively town
色々いろいろiroirovariousIro means color — imagine a painter splashing various colors everywhere色々な料理があります (iroiro na ryōri ga arimasu) - There are various dishes
ハンサムハンサムhansamuhandsomeIt literally IS ”handsome” — borrowed from English!ハンサムな人ですね (hansamu na hito desu ne) - What a handsome person

Tricky ones

きれい (kirei) and 嫌い (kirai) end in い but are na-adjectives, not i-adjectives! Don’t be fooled.

Negation: Add じゃない (ja nai) - same as noun negation

AffirmativeNegativeEnglish
静か (shizuka)静かじゃない (shizuka ja nai)not quiet
暇 (hima)じゃない (hima ja nai)not free
きれい (kirei)きれいじゃない (kirei ja nai)not beautiful

Before nouns: な-adjective + + noun:

  • 素敵財布 / suteki na saifu / lovely wallet
  • 静か部屋 / shizuka na heya / quiet room
  • きれい人 / kirei na hito / beautiful person

Past tense: です → でした (deshita) for affirmative, じゃなかったです (ja nakatta desu) for negative:

AffirmativeNegative
Non-past静かです (shizuka desu) - quiet静かじゃないです (shizuka ja nai desu) - not quiet
Past静かでした (shizuka deshita) - was quiet静かじゃなかったです (shizuka ja nakatta desu) - was not quiet

More examples:

  • 元気でした (genki deshita) - Was healthy/energetic
  • 暇じゃなかったです (hima ja nakatta desu) - Was not free

Noun past tense works the same way

学生です → 学生でした (gakusei deshita) - was a student 学生じゃないです → 学生じゃなかったです (gakusei ja nakatta desu) - was not a student

Connecting na-adjectives (te-form): Add (de) after the adjective to chain:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
静かで広いです。Shizuka de hiroi desu.It’s quiet and spacious.
きれいで便利です。Kirei de benri desu.It’s beautiful and convenient.
この町は静かできれいです。Kono machi wa shizuka de kirei desu.This town is quiet and beautiful.

Mixed-type chains (noun/na-adj + i-adj)

Nouns and na-adjectives use (de); i-adjectives use くて (kute). Mix freely:

  • 中国人、細くてかっこいい人。/ Chūgokujin de, hosokute kakkoii hito. / “A Chinese, thin, good-looking person.” (noun-de + i-adj-kute)
  • 静か便利安全な町。/ Shizuka de benri de anzen na machi. / “A town that’s quiet, convenient, and safe.” (3 na-adj chained)
  • くておいしくて簡単料理。/ Yasukute oishikute kantan na ryōri. / “A meal that’s cheap, delicious, and easy.” (2 i-adj-kute + na-adj before noun)

Order matters slightly: the final adjective stays in its base form before the noun (or before です). Earlier adjectives use the te-form.

Comparing い-Adjectives vs な-Adjectives (Full Conjugation)

い-adjective (高い takai)な-adjective (静か shizuka)
Before noun高い財布 (takai saifu)静か部屋 (shizuka na heya)
Non-past (+)高いです (takai desu)静かです (shizuka desu)
Non-past (-)くないです (takakunai desu)静かじゃないです (shizuka ja nai desu)
Past (+)かったです (takakatta desu)静かでした (shizuka deshita)
Past (-)くなかったです (takakunakatta desu)静かじゃなかったです (shizuka ja nakatta desu)
Te-form (connect)くて (takakute)静か (shizuka de)

Key pattern: い-adjectives conjugate by modifying the い ending. な-adjectives behave like nouns (でした/じゃなかった).

Adverbial Conversion (Adjective → Adverb)

You can turn most adjectives into adverbs that modify a verb. The conversion differs by adjective type. Source: Beginner S2 #5.

TypeRuleExample
い-adjectiveDrop final い → add 遅い (osoi, slow) → 遅 (osoku) → 遅く走る (osoku hashiru) “run slowly”
な-adjectiveAdd to stem静か (shizuka, quiet) → 静か (shizuka ni) → 静かに話す (shizuka ni hanasu) “speak quietly”

More examples:

AdjectiveAdverb formUsed with verb
早い hayai (early/fast) hayaku早く起きる (hayaku okiru) — wake up early
うるさい urusai (loud)うるさ urusakuうるさく話す (urusaku hanasu) — speak loudly
新しい atarashii (new)新し atarashiku新しく買う (atarashiku kau) — buy newly
きれい kirei (clean/pretty)きれい kirei niきれいに掃除する (kirei ni sōji suru) — clean tidily
真剣 shinken (serious)真剣 shinken ni真剣に勉強する (shinken ni benkyō suru) — study seriously
安全 anzen (safe)安全 anzen ni安全に運転する (anzen ni unten suru) — drive safely

Exception: いい (good) → よく

いい comes from the older form よい, so its adverb form is よく, not いく. よく聞いてください (yoku kiite kudasai) — “please listen carefully.”

Adverbs of Degree

These modify adjectives to express intensity:

KanjiKanaRomajiMeaningTierExample
本当にほんとうにhontō nireally, trulyHigh本当においしいです (hontō ni oishii desu) - It’s really delicious
すごくすごくsugokuvery / really / superHighこの寿司はすごくおいしいです (kono sushi wa sugoku oishii desu) - This sushi is super delicious
とてもとてもtotemoveryHigh今日はとても暑いです (kyō wa totemo atsui desu) - It’s very hot today
まあまあまあまあmāmāso-so, decentMidまあまあおいしいです (māmā oishii desu) - It’s decent / so-so
ちょうどちょうどchōdojust rightMidちょうどいいです (chōdo ii desu) - It’s just right
少しすこしsukoshia littleLow少し寒いです (sukoshi samui desu) - It’s a little cold
ちょっとちょっとchottoa bit (casual)Lowちょっと高いです (chotto takai desu) - It’s a bit expensive
あまりあまりamarinot veryNegative onlyあまり高くないです (amari takakunai desu) - It’s not very expensive
全然ぜんぜんzenzennot at allNegative only全然寒くないです (zenzen samukunai desu) - It’s not cold at all

Warning

あまり (amari) and 全然 (zenzen) are always used with negative forms!

  • ○ あまり高くない (amari takakunai) - not very expensive
  • × あまり高い (amari takai) - WRONG

Frequency Adverbs

JapaneseRomajiMeaningPolarityExample
いつもitsumoalwayspositiveいつも7時に起きます (itsumo shichi-ji ni okimasu) - I always wake up at 7
よくyokuoftenpositiveよくテレビを見ます (yoku terebi o mimasu) - I often watch TV
時々tokidokisometimespositive時々日本料理を食べます (tokidoki nihon ryōri o tabemasu) - I sometimes eat Japanese food
あまりamarinot very / not oftennegative onlyあまり運動しません (amari undō shimasen) - I don’t exercise much
全然zenzennot at all / nevernegative only全然わかりません (zenzen wakarimasen) - I don’t understand at all

Warning

あまり (amari) and 全然 (zenzen) are always used with negative verb/adjective forms!

  • ○ あまり高くない (amari takakunai) - not very expensive
  • × あまり高い (amari takai) - WRONG

よく (yoku) has two meanings

  1. Often (frequency adverb): よくテレビを見ます (yoku terebi o mimasu) - I often watch TV
  2. Well / properly (adverb of いい/よい): よくわかりました (yoku wakarimashita) - I understood well

Other “well” examples: よくできました (yoku dekimashita) - Well done! / よく食べました (yoku tabemashita) - Ate a lot!

Other useful modifiers:

  • もちろん (mochiron) - of course
  • それから (sorekara) - and then
  • でも (demo) - but

〜そうだ — “Looks like / appears” (evidential)

Appearance-based guess made from what the speaker sees in front of them — “it looks like / seems ___.” Different from the hearsay そうだ (which attaches to plain forms — see note). Source: Beginner S2 #36.

Formation:

Word typeRuleExample
い-adjectivedrop い + そう面白い → 面白そう (looks interesting)
な-adjectivestem + そう元気 → 元気そう (looks well)
Verbます-stem + そう降る (ます-stem: 降り) → 降りそう (looks like it’ll rain)

Irregulars:

  • いい → よさそう (“looks good”) — not いさそう
  • ない → なさそう (“doesn’t look like there is / doesn’t seem to”)
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
面白そうだから、砂漠に行ってみたいんです。Omoshirosō da kara, sabaku ni itte mitai n desu.It looks interesting, so I want to go see the desert.
雨が降りそうだ。Ame ga furisō da.It looks like it’s going to rain.
これはクロスプレーになりそうだ。Kore wa kurosu purē ni narisō da.This looks like it’ll be a close play.
元気そうですね。Genki sō desu ne.You look healthy/energetic.

Negative of verbs: use そうにない / そうもない — 降りそうにない (“doesn’t look like it’ll rain”).

Don't confuse with hearsay そうだ

The two そうだ patterns mean completely different things:

  • Appearance (this section): attaches to adj-stem or verb-stem. 降りそうだ = “It looks like it’ll rain.” (I see clouds)
  • Hearsay: attaches to plain form. 降るそうだ = “I hear it’ll rain.” (someone told me)

Comparison: AのほうがBより[adj]

Comparative form — “A is more ___ than B.” Either ordering works; the のほうが phrase highlights A as the winning side. Source: Beginner S2 #45.

Pattern: A のほうが B より [adj/verb] (or reversed: B より A のほうが …) Question form: どちら(どっち)のほうが…?

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
のほうがよりかわいい。Imōto no hō ga watashi yori kawaii.My little sister is cuter than me.
こっちのビキニのほうがワンピースの水着より似合うと思うな。Kocchi no bikini no hō ga wanpīsu no mizugi yori niau to omou na.I think this bikini suits you better than the one-piece.
鉄矢くんと大地くんは、どっちのほうが背が高い?Tetsuya-kun to Daichi-kun wa, docchi no hō ga se ga takai?Between Tetsuya and Daichi, which is taller?
どっちの水着がいいかなあ。Docchi no mizugi ga ii ka nā.I wonder which swimsuit is better.

のほうが…より vs. AはBより…

  • A のほうが B より [adj] — explicit comparison context (answering “which one?”). The のほうが highlights A as the winner.
  • A は B より [adj] — simply describing A as surpassing B, no comparison context required.

どちら / どっち is the standard “which (of two)” question word — どっち is the casual contraction.

Verbs

Verbs in this section are listed in dictionary form (citation form, e.g. 食べる, 飲む). The -ます (-masu) ending makes a verb polite — the form used in formal conversation — and is one of several conjugations covered below. Japanese has only two tenses: Past and Non-Past (present/future); -ます covers non-past (habitual or future action).

Comprehensive Verb List

Verb Groups (Group 1 / Group 2 / Group 3)

Japanese verbs are classified into three groups based on their dictionary form (the form before -ます). At the -ます level all three conjugate the same way, but the distinction matters once you learn dictionary form, te-form, plain past, etc. (Not taught in the audiobook PDFs — included here for reference since the lists below are organized by group.)

GroupAlso calledHow to recognizeExamples (dict. → -ます)
Group 1Godan / 五段 / U-verbsDictionary form ends in any -u sound (except -iru/-eru ru-endings)のむ → のみます (nomu→nomimasu) / かう → かいます / はなす → はなします
Group 2Ichidan / 一段 / Ru-verbsDictionary form ends in -iru or -eruたべる → たべます (taberu→tabemasu) / みる → みます / ねる → ねます
Group 3IrregularOnly two verbsする → します (suru→shimasu) / くる → きます (kuru→kimasu)

How -ます is formed:

  • Group 1: change the final -u sound to -i, then add ます (nomu → nomimasu, kau → kaimasu, hanasu → hanashimasu)
  • Group 2: drop the final -る, then add ます (taberu → tabemasu, miru → mimasu)
  • Group 3: memorize — する → します, くる → きます

Tricky exceptions — these LOOK like Group 2 (end in -iru/-eru) but are actually Group 1: 入る (はいる hairu, to enter), 帰る (かえる kaeru, to return), 走る (はしる hashiru, to run), 切る (きる kiru, to cut), 知る (しる shiru, to know).

Now in dictionary form

Tables below show each verb in dictionary form (the citation form, e.g. 食べる, 飲む) rather than masu form. The masu form and 4 other polite-conversation forms (te, te+います, tai, mashou) are auto-derived on the back of each Anki card so you study the full conversation paradigm at once. The example sentences still use masu form since that’s the natural polite spoken register.

Group 1 verbs (godan / U-verbs):

KanjiKanaRomajiGroupEnglishMemory TipExample
買うかうkau1to buyYou buy a kite at the store — kau = buy a kite本をかいます (hon o kaimasu) - I buy a book
書くかくkaku1to writeKhaki pants with writing all over them — scribbled notes on khakis手紙をかきます (tegami o kakimasu) - I write a letter
消すけすkesu1to turn offYou squish a lightbulb to turn it off — kesu = squish off電気をけします (denki o keshimasu) - I turn off the light
聞くきくkiku1to listenKiki from Kiki’s Delivery Service listening to her radio while flying音楽をききます (ongaku o kikimasu) - I listen to music
待つまつmatsu1to waitWaiting for a match on Tinder — staring at your phone, waitingここでまちます (koko de machimasu) - I wait here
曲がるまがるmagaru1to turnMagarita — you’re so drunk on margaritas you keep turning/swerving右にまがります (migi ni magarimasu) - Turn right
持つもつmotsu1to have, to holdHolding a big sticky mochi rice cake in both handsかさをもちます (kasa o mochimasu) - I hold an umbrella
もらうmorau1to receiveA moray eel hands you a gift from the ocean — you receive itプレゼントをもらいます (purezento o moraimasu) - I receive a present
飲むのむnomu1to drinkNom nom nom” — chugging a giant drink, nomming it downコーヒーをのみます (kōhī o nomimasu) - I drink coffee
乗るのるnoru1to get onRiding a giant nori (seaweed) sheet like a magic carpet — get on!電車にのります (densha ni norimasu) - I get on the train
送るおくるokuru1to sendSending a package via O’Courier delivery serviceメールをおくります (mēru o okurimasu) - I send an email
押すおすosu1to pushOh, she pushed the big red button! Explosion!ボタンをおします (botan o oshimasu) - I push the button
吸うすうsuu1to smoke, inhaleSucking smoke through a straw — inhaling = suuたばこをすいます (tabako o suimasu) - I smoke a cigarette
撮るとるtoru1to take (photos)A toucan (tori = bird) holding a camera, snapping photos写真をとります (shashin o torimasu) - I take a photo
使うつかうtsukau1to useTwo guys using a giant machine together — tsuka = two guysパソコンをつかいます (pasokon o tsukaimasu) - I use a computer
作るつくるtsukuru1to makeA tycoon in a factory making products — tsukuri = tycoon making料理をつくります (ryōri o tsukurimasu) - I make a meal
売るうるuru1to sellYou reel in customers at a market stall — uru = you reel = sell車をうります (kuruma o urimasu) - I sell a car
読むよむyomu1to readYoda reading a book — “Read this, you must” — yomu = Yoda reads本をよみます (hon o yomimasu) - I read a book
休むやすむyasumu1to rest, take a day offYeah, sue me!” — lying in a hammock on a workday, taking a rest今日はやすみます (kyō wa yasumimasu) - I take today off
分かるわかるwakaru1to understandYou walk around a problem until you finally understand it日本語がわかります (nihongo ga wakarimasu) - I understand Japanese
会うあうau1to meetYou meet your eye candy — eye contact across the room, you meet明日、彼と会います (ashita, kare to aimasu) - I’ll meet him tomorrow
焼くやくyaku1to bake, to cookYakitori on the grill — yaki always means grilled/bakedクッキーを焼きました (kukkī o yakimashita) - I baked cookies
話すはなすhanasu1to speak, to talkHannah on a show — Hannah’s talk show, she speaks to guests日本語を話します (nihongo o hanashimasu) - I speak Japanese
着くつくtsuku1to arrive, to reachTwo-coo” — you arrive and the cuckoo bird coos twice駅に着きました (eki ni tsukimashita) - I arrived at the station
残るのこるnokoru1to remain, to be leftNo-koru” — picture food “no-core” left behind on the plate仕事が残ります (shigoto ga nokorimasu) - Work remains
戻るもどるmodoru1to return, to go backMo-doru” — “more dough” returns to the oven; come back for more来年日本に戻ります (rainen Nihon ni modorimasu) - I’ll return to Japan next year
過ごすすごすsugosu1to spend (time)Sue-go-su” — Sue “goes through” time spending it冬休みは家族と過ごします (fuyuyasumi wa kazoku to sugoshimasu) - I spend winter break with family
思い出すおもいだすomoidasu1to recall, to remember思い (omoi, thought) + 出す (dasu, bring out) — “bring out a thought”漢字が思い出せません (kanji ga omoidasemasen) - I can’t recall the kanji
伺ううかがうukagau1(humble) to visit / to ask / to hearOo-ka-gau” — humbly looking up at someone superiorお話を伺いたいです (o-hanashi o ukagaitai desu) - I’d like to hear your story
引っ越すひっこすhikkosu1to move (residence)Hick-cosu” — a hick moves to the city for cosmopolitan life来月引っ越します (raigetsu hikkoshimasu) - I’m moving next month
支払うしはらうshiharau1to payShe-hara-oo” — she “harasses” you for the money現金で支払います (genkin de shiharaimasu) - I’ll pay in cash
残すのこすnokosu1to leave behind/overTransitive twin of 残る — actively leaving something behind食べ物を残しました (tabemono o nokoshimashita) - I left food behind
思うおもうomou1to think, to feelOh-mow” — “oh, mow the lawn?” — pondering aloudかわいいと思います (kawaii to omoimasu) - I think it’s cute
進むすすむsusumu1to advance, to make progressSue-sue-moo” — Sue moos at the cow to “move on, advance!”仕事が進みません (shigoto ga susumimasen) - Work isn’t progressing
止まるとまるtomaru1to stop, to halt (intransitive)A tomato stopping in the road, traffic halts (intransitive twin of 止める)電車が止まります (densha ga tomarimasu) - The train stops
渡るわたるwataru1to cross overA walrus crossing the ice — wataru = walrus crosses横断歩道を渡ります (ōdanhodō o watarimasu) - I cross at the crosswalk
間に合うまにあうmaniau1to be in time for間 (ma, time) + 合う (au, fit) — “fit the time”終電に間に合いません (shūden ni ma ni aimasen) - I won’t make the last train
困るこまるkomaru1to be troubled, botheredKo-mar” — like “comma” pause, you stop and worryお金がなくて困ります (o-kane ga nakute komarimasu) - I’m troubled because I have no money
触るさわるsawaru1to touchSaw-aru” — like a saw touching wood — careful, sharp!触らないでください (sawaranai de kudasai) - Please don’t touch
できあがるdekiagaru1to be ready, completedできる (can do) + あがる (rise up) — “rise up done”料理ができあがりました (ryōri ga dekiagarimashita) - The dish is ready
似合うにあうniau1to suit, to matchKnee-ow” — clothes suit you so well your knees go “ow!”この帽子が似合います (kono bōshi ga niaimasu) - This hat suits you
届くとどくtodoku1to reach, to arrive (of mail/items)To-do-ku” — your to-do list arrives in the mail荷物が届きました (nimotsu ga todokimashita) - The package arrived
黙るだまるdamaru1to be silent, to shut upDah-mar-oo” — “Damn, are you” silent?静かに黙ります (shizuka ni damarimasu) - I stay silent
やるyaru1to do, to give (casual)Yah-roo” — “Yeah, do it!” — casual cousin of する一緒にやろう (issho ni yarō) - Let’s do it together
呼ぶよぶyobu1to call out, to call (someone)Yo, boo!” — yelling “Yo!” to call your friend over名前を呼びます (namae o yobimasu) - I call out the name
許すゆるすyurusu1to permit, to allow, to forgiveYou-roo-sue” — “you ruse-you,” pardoning a trickster結婚を許してください (kekkon o yurushite kudasai) - Please permit our marriage
座るすわるsuwaru1to sitSue-wa-ru” — Sue waddles over and sits downいすに座ります (isu ni suwarimasu) - I sit on the chair
立つたつtatsu1to standTatsu” — a tall tatsu (dragon) standing upright立ってください (tatte kudasai) - Please stand up
歩くあるくaruku1to walkAh-roo-koo” — “are you cool?” walking around the block駅まで歩きます (eki made arukimasu) - I walk to the station
走るはしるhashiru1 ⚠️to run⚠️ Tricky exception: ends in -iru but is Group 1. ”Ha-shi-ru” — happily rushing公園を走ります (kōen o hashirimasu) - I run in the park
飛ぶとぶtobu1to fly, to jumpToe-boo” — a bird flies up out of reach鳥が飛びます (tori ga tobimasu) - The bird flies
歌ううたうutau1to sing歌 (uta, song) + う (verb ending) — “do a song”カラオケで歌います (karaoke de utaimasu) - I sing at karaoke
笑うわらうwarau1to laugh, to smileWah-ra-oo” — “wah, ha, ha!” the laugh soundみんなで笑います (minna de waraimasu) - We all laugh together
泣くなくnaku1to cryNa-koo” — baby goes “na, na, na!” crying for milk赤ちゃんが泣きます (akachan ga nakimasu) - The baby cries
置くおくoku1to place, to leave (an object)Oh-ku” — “oh, OK,” and you set it downカバンを机に置きます (kaban o tsukue ni okimasu) - I place my bag on the desk
選ぶえらぶerabu1to choose, to pickEh-ra-boo” — “eh, raboo?” — pondering which to chooseプレゼントを選びます (purezento o erabimasu) - I pick a present

Group 2 verbs (ichidan / Ru-verbs):

KanjiKanaRomajiGroupEnglishMemory TipExample
あげるageru2to giveA gem — you give someone a precious gem as a giftプレゼントをあげます (purezento o agemasu) - I give a present
開けるあけるakeru2to openAn acorn cracks open — ake = acorn openingドアをあけます (doa o akemasu) - I open the door
出るでるderu2to leave, to exitA demon bursting out of the door — leaves the room dramatically8時にうちをでます (hachi-ji ni uchi o demasu) - I leave home at 8
見るみるmiru2to watch, seeMe, me, me! — pointing at your eyes, “let ME see!”映画をみます (eiga o mimasu) - I watch a movie
見せるみせるmiseru2to showMiss America on stage — she shows off her talent to the judgesメニューをみせます (menyū o misemasu) - I show the menu
降りるおりるoriru2to get off (transport)An orangutan jumping off the train — ori = orangutan gets off電車をおります (densha o orimasu) - I get off the train
教えるおしえるoshieru2to teachOh, Shay is such a great teacher! Students love Shay’s class日本語をおしえます (nihongo o oshiemasu) - I teach Japanese
閉めるしめるshimeru2to closeShimmy the door closed — do a little shimmy to push it shut窓をしめます (mado o shimemasu) - I close the window
食べるたべるtaberu2to eatEating off the table — tabe = table where you eat寿司をたべます (sushi o tabemasu) - I eat sushi
止めるとめるtomeru2to stop, park (transitive)A giant totem pole blocking the road — everything stops車をとめます (kuruma o tomemasu) - I park the car
つけるtsukeru2to turn on; to attachTsuki (moon) — you turn on the moonlight, the room glowsテレビをつけます (terebi o tsukemasu) - I turn on the TV
疲れるつかれるtsukareru2to get tiredTsu-ka-rare” — “two-cars-rare” — chasing two rare cars makes you tired仕事で疲れました (shigoto de tsukaremashita) - I got tired from work
売り切れるうりきれるurikireru2to be sold out売り (uri, sell) + 切れる (kireru, run out) — “sold out”チケットは売り切れました (chiketto wa urikiremashita) - Tickets are sold out
隠れるかくれるkakureru2to hide oneselfKa-koo-rare” — like a “cuckoo’s lair,” hidden awayテーブルの下に隠れます (tēburu no shita ni kakuremasu) - I hide under the table
逃げるにげるnigeru2to escape, to run awayKnee-gay-roo” — your knees go wobbly as you flee犯人が逃げました (han’nin ga nigemashita) - The criminal escaped
生えるはえるhaeru2to grow, to spring up (plants)High-eh-roo” — grass grows high in the yard雑草が生えます (zassō ga haemasu) - Weeds grow
痩せるやせるyaseru2to lose weight, to get thinYah-seh” — yawning so much you waste awayダイエットでやせました (daietto de yasemashita) - I lost weight on a diet
寝るねるneru2to sleep, to go to bedNemo the fish sleeping at the bottom of the ocean11時にねます (jūichi-ji ni nemasu) - I sleep at 11
起きるおきるokiru2to wake up, to get upOK, I’m up!” — alarm rings, you groan “okiru”7時におきます (shichi-ji ni okimasu) - I wake up at 7
借りるかりるkariru2to borrowKari-ru” — Kari borrows a book消しゴムを借りてもいいですか (keshigomu o karite mo ii desu ka) - Can I borrow your eraser?
取り寄せるとりよせるtoriyoseru2to order in, to send away for取り (tori, take) + 寄せる (yoseru, bring close) — “bring it in for me”部品を取り寄せます (buhin o toriyosemasu) - I’ll order the part
考えるかんがえるkangaeru2to think over, to considerKan-ga-eru” — pondering with a “can” of brain juiceよく考えます (yoku kangaemasu) - I think it over carefully
変えるかえるkaeru2to change (something)Ka-eh-ru” — flipping a switch, things “kaeru” change予定を変えます (yotei o kaemasu) - I change the plan
忘れるわすれるwasureru2to forgetWah-soo-rare” — “wassup?” you forgot the rest名前を忘れました (namae o wasuremashita) - I forgot the name
覚えるおぼえるoboeru2to remember, to learn (by heart)Oh-bow-eh-ru” — “oh, bow” — you remember to bow politely漢字を覚えます (kanji o oboemasu) - I memorize kanji
決めるきめるkimeru2to decideKi-meh-ru” — “key-may-roo” — turning the key, decision madeこれに決めます (kore ni kimemasu) - I’ll decide on this one
信じるしんじるshinjiru2to believeShin-ji-ru” — leaning in (shin = body) to believe友達を信じます (tomodachi o shinjimasu) - I trust my friend
始めるはじめるhajimeru2to start (something)Related to はじめまして (first meeting). Transitive twin of 始まる勉強を始めます (benkyō o hajimemasu) - I start studying

Group 3 verbs (irregular):

KanjiKanaRomajiGroupEnglishMemory TipExample
するsuru3to doUniversal “do” verb — pairs with nouns: 勉強する (study), 電話する (call)宿題をします (shukudai o shimasu) - I do my homework
来るくるkuru3to comeKim! Come here!” — calling Kim to come over (reading shifts: くる/きます/きて/こよう)日本に来ます (Nihon ni kimasu) - I come to Japan

Wearing & removing verbs (S2#25-27): Japanese uses different verbs depending on which body region is involved. Memorize the body region for each:

VerbBody region / itemExample
着る (きる kiru)Upper body — shirts, jackets, kimonoシャツを着ます (shatsu o kimasu) - I wear a shirt
はく (hak­u)Lower body — pants, skirts, socks, shoesズボンをはきます (zubon o hakimasu) - I wear pants
かぶる (kaburu)Head — hats, caps, helmets帽子をかぶります (bōshi o kaburimasu) - I wear a hat
かける (kakeru)Glasses — also “to hang on the ears”めがねをかけます (megane o kakemasu) - I wear glasses
つける (tsukeru)Attached items — perfume, badges, pins香水をつけます (kōsui o tsukemasu) - I wear perfume
する (suru)Tie / scarf — items you “do”ネクタイをします (nekutai o shimasu) - I wear a tie
しめる (shimeru)Belt — items you fasten/tightenベルトをしめます (beruto o shimemasu) - I wear a belt
ぬぐ (nugu)Take off (general) — pants, shirt, shoes靴をぬぎます (kutsu o nugimasu) - I take off shoes
はずす (hazusu)Remove (accessories) — tie, glasses, badgesネクタイをはずします (nekutai o hazushimasu) - I take off my tie

Movement verbs (used with へ (e) / に (ni) particle):

KanjiKanaRomajiGroupEnglishMemory TipExample
行くいくiku1to goIcky!” — stepping in something icky, you GO running away. ⚠️ Te-form is 行って (irregular, not 行いて)東京へ行きます (Tōkyō e ikimasu) - I go to Tokyo
帰るかえるkaeru1 ⚠️to return, go back⚠️ Tricky: ends -eru but is Group 1. A carrier pigeon always returns homeうちへ帰ります (uchi e kaerimasu) - I go home

(Note: 来る (くる, kuru, to come — Group 3) is the third common movement verb — listed in the Group 3 table above.)

Core Conversation Forms — Quick Reference

The 6 forms that cover most polite conversation, shown with 行く (iku - “to go”):

FormPurposeExample
masu-formpolite default speech行きます (ikimasu) — “I go / will go”
te-formconnects grammar patterns行っ (itte) — “go and…”
te + imasuongoing action / state行っています (itte imasu) — “am going / have gone”
tai-form“want to” (1st person)行きたいです (ikitai desu) — “I want to go”
mashou-form“let’s ~”行きましょう (ikimashō) — “let’s go”
potential“can ~” (note: object takes が, not を)行けます (ikemasu) — “I can go”

How to derive each form from the dictionary form (assumes you know the verb group):

FormGroup 1 (godan, e.g. 行く iku / 飲む nomu)Group 2 (ichidan, e.g. 食べる taberu / 見る miru)Group 3 (irregular)
masu-formfinal -u → -i + ます (飲む nomu → 飲みます nomimasu)drop る + ます (食べる taberu → 食べます tabemasu)する suru → します shimasu / 来る kuru → 来(き)ます kimasu
te-formdepends on final syllable (see chart)drop る + て (食べる taberu → 食べ tabete)する suru → し shite / 来る kuru → 来(き) kite
te + imasute-form + います (飲んで nonde → 飲んでいます nonde imasu)te-form + います (食べて tabete → 食べています tabete imasu)して shite → しています shite imasu / 来て kite → 来(き)ています kite imasu
tai-formmasu-stem + たいです (飲み nomi → 飲みたいです nomitai desu)masu-stem + たいです (食べ tabe → 食べたいです tabetai desu)し shi → したいです shitai desu / 来(き) ki → 来たいです kitai desu
mashou-formmasu-stem + ましょう (飲み nomi → 飲みましょう nomimashō)masu-stem + ましょう (食べ tabe → 食べましょう tabemashō)し shi → しましょう shimashō / 来(き) ki → 来ましょう kimashō
potentialfinal -u → -e + る → ます (飲む nomu → 飲め nome → 飲めます nomemasu)drop る + られる → ます (食べる taberu → 食べられます taberaremasu)する suru → できます dekimasu / 来る kuru → 来られます koraremasu

Group 1 te-form chart (this is the tricky one — depends on the dictionary-form ending):

EndingBecomesExample
-う / -つ / -る-って kau → 買って katte / 立 tatsu → 立って tatte / 走 hashiru → 走って hashitte
-む / -ぶ / -ぬ-んで nomu → 飲んで nonde / 遊 asobu → 遊んで asonde / 死 shinu → 死んで shinde
-く-いて kaku → 書いて kaite ⚠️ exception: 行 iku → 行って itte
-ぐ-いで oyogu → 泳いで oyoide
-す-して hanasu → 話して hanashite

The masu-stem is the shortcut

Once you have the masu-form, drop -ます to get the masu-stem (行きます → 行き). The stem + たいです gives -tai, and stem + ましょう gives -mashou. So really only 2 building blocks to memorize per verb: the masu-stem and the te-form.

Full examples sentences for each:

FormExample sentenceEnglish
masu学校へ行きます。Gakkō e ikimasu.I go to school.
te (linking)朝ごはんを食べ、学校へ行きます。Asagohan o tabete, gakkō e ikimasu.I eat breakfast and go to school.
te + imasu今、本を読んでいます。Ima, hon o yonde imasu.I’m reading a book right now.
taiコーヒーを飲みたいです。Kōhī o nomitai desu.I want to drink coffee.
mashou一緒に行きましょう。Issho ni ikimashō.Let’s go together.

Details and edge cases for each form are in the subsections below.

Conjugation

AffirmativeNegative
Non-past-ます (-masu)-ません (-masen)
Past-ました (-mashita)-ませんでした (-masen deshita)

Full example with ききます (kikimasu - to listen):

AffirmativeNegative
Non-pastききます (kikimasu) - I listenききません (kikimasen) - I don’t listen
Pastききました (kikimashita) - I listenedききませんでした (kikimasen deshita) - I didn’t listen
Questionききますか (kikimasu ka?)ききませんか (kikimasen ka?)

Answering questions:

  • Yes → はい、ききます。/ Hai, kikimasu. (or はい、ききました / Hai, kikimashita for past)
  • No → いいえ、ききません。/ Iie, kikimasen. (or いいえ、ききませんでした / Iie, kikimasen deshita for past)

Te-form (て-form) for Verbs

The te-form is the workhorse of Japanese — used for linking clauses, requests (〜てください), progressive (〜ています), and many other compound forms. Source: Beginner S2 #20.

How to form (from dictionary form):

GroupRuleExamples
Group 2 (taberu/miru type)Drop る → add 食べ → 食べ / 見 → 見 / 寝 → 寝
Group 1 (godan)Replace final syllable per the table belowSee chart
Group 3 (irregular)Memorizeする → して / 来る → 来(き)て

Group 1 te-form chart (rule depends on the final syllable of dictionary form):

EndingBecomesExample
-う / -つ / -る-って → 買って / 立 → 立って / 走 → 走って
-む / -ぶ / -ぬ-んで → 飲んで / 遊 → 遊んで / 死 → 死んで
-く-いて → 書いて (exception: 行 → 行って)
-ぐ-いで → 泳いで
-す-して → 話して

One important irregular: 行く → 行って (NOT 行いて)

For adjectives & copula:

  • i-adj: drop final い + くて (高い → 高くて); exception: いい → よくて
  • na-adj / noun: + (静か → 静か, 学生 → 学生)

The 5 uses of te-form linking (Source: Beginner S2 #20):

UseExampleEnglish
1. Sequence (“and then”)私は本屋に行って、立ち読みをした。I went to the bookstore and browsed.
2. Linked qualities (“and”)彼は優しくてハンサムだ。He’s gentle and good-looking.
3. Reason / cause長時間走り過ぎ、足が痛い。I ran too long, so my foot hurts.
4. Means / how私はタクシーに乗って帰った。I went home by taxi.
5. Contrast顔で笑って、心で泣いていた。She smiled outwardly, but cried inside.

Common compound forms built on te-form:

PatternMeaningExample
〜てくださいpolite request “please ~”ってください (matte kudasai) — please wait
〜ていますprogressive / state食べいます (tabete imasu) — am eating
〜てもいい“may I ~ / it’s OK to ~”ってもいいですか (haitte mo ii desu ka) — May I enter?
〜てはいけない“must not ~”ってはいけません (hashitte wa ikemasen) — You must not run
〜てくる“go do X and come back” / “start to ~”ちょっと見てくる (chotto mite kuru) — I’ll go check (and come back)
〜てしまう“did it all the way / regrettably did”食べてしまった (tabete shimatta) — I ate it all / I (unfortunately) ate it

〜てくる (auxiliary)

くる as an auxiliary tags an action with a directional/temporal sense relative to the speaker. Four main senses: (1) “go do X and come back,” (2) motion approaching the speaker, (3) something appearing/coming into existence, (4) an action continuing up to now. Written in hiragana. Source: Beginner S2 #14.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ちょっと見てくるChotto mite kuru.I’ll go check (and come back).
先週末神戸へ行ってきましたSenshūmatsu Kōbe e itte kimashita.I went to Kobe last weekend (and came back).
雨が降ってきたAme ga futte kita.It’s started to rain. (something appearing)
受信料を取りにきたJushinryō o tori ni kita.They came to collect viewing fees.

The classic set phrase 行ってきます (“I’m off, will be back”) said when leaving home uses this same pattern. Contrast with 〜ていく (going away from speaker / continuation into the future).

〜てしまう / 〜ちゃう / 〜じゃう (completion / regret)

Attached to a て-form, しまう adds the nuance of (1) thorough completion (“did it all the way / finished it off”) and/or (2) regret, accident, or undesirability (“ended up V-ing”). Context decides which sense. Source: Beginner S2 #33.

Casual contractions (very common in spoken Japanese):

  • てしまう → 〜ちゃう (食べてしまった = 食べちゃった)
  • でしまう → 〜じゃう (読んでしまった = 読んじゃった)
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
前売り券はもう売り切れてしまいましたMaeuriken wa mō urikirete shimaimashita.The advance tickets have (regrettably) already sold out.
冷蔵庫にあったケーキは全部食べてしまったよ。Reizōko ni atta kēki wa zenbu tabete shimatta yo.I ate all the cake in the fridge (and there’s none left).
もらったって言っちゃったよ。Moratta tte itchatta yo.I (carelessly) went and said I got them. (casual contraction)
読んじゃったYonjatta.I finished reading it. (casual contraction of 読んでしまった)

Repeated 〜ても〜ても (emphasis)

The te-form + も pattern means “even if.” Repeating it for emphasis means “no matter how much / no matter what.” (Source: Beginner S2 #54.)

  • 食べても食べても、お腹がすいています。/ Tabete mo tabete mo, onaka ga suite imasu. / “No matter how much I eat, I’m still hungry.”
  • 雨が降っても雪が降っても、配達は休みません。/ Ame ga futte mo yuki ga futte mo, haitatsu wa yasumimasen. / “Whether it rains or snows, deliveries don’t stop.”

Te-form Exceptions (Quiz)

These are the trip-up cases where the te-form doesn’t follow the rule you’d guess from the dictionary form. Each row is one Anki card — front asks for the te-form of a tricky verb, back gives the answer plus why it’s tricky. Drill these specifically.

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory Tip
行っていってittete-form of 行く (iku, “to go”)⚠️ The ONLY -く verb that takes -って instead of -いて. Memorize as a one-off exception.
入ってはいってhaittete-form of 入る (hairu, “to enter”)⚠️ 入る ends in -iru but is Group 1 (not Group 2!), so る → って (not 入りて).
帰ってかえってkaettete-form of 帰る (kaeru, “to return / go home”)⚠️ 帰る ends in -eru but is Group 1, so る → って (not 帰りて, which would be Group 2). Don’t confuse with Group 2 変える (kaeru, “to change”) → 変えて.
走ってはしってhashittete-form of 走る (hashiru, “to run”)⚠️ 走る ends in -iru but is Group 1, so る → って (not 走りて).
切ってきってkittete-form of 切る (kiru, “to cut”)⚠️ 切る ends in -iru but is Group 1, so る → って (not 切りて). Easy to confuse with Group 2 着る (kiru, “to wear”) → 着て.
知ってしってshittete-form of 知る (shiru, “to know”)⚠️ 知る ends in -iru but is Group 1, so る → って (not 知りて). Often appears as 知っています (“I know”).

Why these are quizzed separately

All 5 standard te-form rules (う/つ/る→って, む/ぶ/ぬ→んで, く→いて, ぐ→いで, す→して) are predictable from the dictionary form’s ending IF you know the verb’s group. These 6 cards drill the cases where the group is itself surprising (verbs that look Group 2 but are Group 1), plus 行く which is the lone genuine te-form exception.

Potential Form (Can do)

The potential form expresses ability or possibility — “can ~“. 話す (hanasu, to speak) → 話せる (hanaseru, can speak) → 話せます (hanasemasu, “I can speak”). Critical for conversation: “Can you …?” / “I can …” / “I can’t …“.

How to form (dictionary form):

GroupRuleExample
Group 1 (godan)Change final -u sound → -e + る nomu → 飲る nomeru (can drink) / 行 iku → 行る ikeru (can go) / 話 hanasu → 話る hanaseru (can speak) / 待 matsu → 待る materu (can wait) / 買 kau → 買る kaeru (can buy)
Group 2 (ichidan)Drop る + られる食べ taberu → 食べられる taberareru (can eat) / 見 miru → 見られる mirareru (can see) / 起き okiru → 起きられる okirareru (can wake up)
Group 3 (irregular)Memorizeする suru → できる dekiru (can do) / 来る kuru → 来られる korareru (can come)

All potential forms are Group 2 verbs

Once you’ve formed the potential (飲める nomeru, 食べられる taberareru, できる dekiru), it conjugates as a regular Group 2 verb. So the polite form is drop る + ます: 飲める → 飲めます nomemasu, 食べられる → 食べられます taberaremasu, できる → できます dekimasu.

Polite forms (most common in conversation):

DictionaryPotential (plain)Potential (polite)English
話す (hanasu)話せる (hanaseru)話せます (hanasemasu)I can speak
飲む (nomu)飲める (nomeru)飲めます (nomemasu)I can drink
行く (iku)行ける (ikeru)行けます (ikemasu)I can go
食べる (taberu)食べられる (taberareru)食べられます (taberaremasu)I can eat
見る (miru)見られる (mirareru)見られます (miraremasu)I can see
する (suru)できる (dekiru)できます (dekimasu)I can do
来る (kuru)来られる (korareru)来られます (koraremasu)I can come

Particle shift: を → が

The object of the action takes (not を) in the potential form. This is the big “gotcha” — get it wrong and it sounds unnatural.

  • 日本語話します → I speak Japanese (regular)
  • 日本語話せます → I can speak Japanese (potential — note )
  • 寿司食べます → I eat sushi
  • 寿司食べられます → I can eat sushi (potential — note )

This happens because the potential form turns the verb into something more state-like — “Japanese is speakable (by me)” — and the subject of that state takes が. Common other “が verbs” follow the same pattern: わかる, できる, 好きだ.

Examples in context:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
日本語が話せますか。Nihongo ga hanasemasu ka?Can you speak Japanese?
はい、少し話せますHai, sukoshi hanasemasu.Yes, I can speak a little.
ピーマンが食べられませんPīman ga taberaremasen.I can’t eat bell peppers.
明日来られますか。Ashita koraremasu ka?Can you come tomorrow?
ここで写真が撮れますKoko de shashin ga toremasu.You can take photos here.
カード払えますか。Kādo de haraemasu ka?Can I pay by card?
漢字が読めませんKanji ga yomemasen.I can’t read kanji.

Casual "ら-less" Group 2 potentials (ら抜き言葉)

In casual modern speech, Group 2 verbs often drop the from the potential: 食べれる → 食べれる, 見れる → 見れる. This is called ら抜き言葉 (ra-nuki kotoba — “ra-less words”). Common in conversation, but considered non-standard in formal writing/exams. For learning, stick with the full form (食べられる) and recognize the casual short form when you hear it.

Potential vs passive ambiguity (Group 2 only)

For Group 2 verbs, the potential form (食べられる) is identical to the passive form (食べられる, “to be eaten”). Context disambiguates. The ら抜き short form (食べれる) is unambiguous — it can only be potential — which is partly why it’s spreading. Group 1 has no ambiguity: 飲める (potential) vs 飲まれる (passive) are clearly different.

Plain Past (た-form)

The た-form is the plain past (informal). It’s identical to the te-form but ends in た / だ instead of て / で. Used in casual speech, before nouns (“the book I read”), and as the base for -tara conditional (see below).

Te-formTa-form (plain past)
食べ (tabete)食べ (tabeta) — ate
って (itte)った (itta) — went
んで (nonde)んだ (nonda) — drank
いて (kaite)いた (kaita) — wrote
(shite) (shita) — did
(kite) (kita) — came

Plain past for adjectives: drop い + かった (高い takai → 高かった takakatta). For な-adj/noun: + だった (静か shizuka → 静かだった shizuka datta, 学生 gakusei → 学生だった gakusei datta).

Invitations with -ませんか (-masen ka)

The negative question form -ませんか is used as a polite invitation — “Won’t you ~?” / “Would you like to ~?”

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
一緒に食べませんかIssho ni tabemasen ka.Won’t you eat together (with me)?
映画を見ませんかEiga o mimasen ka.Would you like to watch a movie?
コーヒーを飲みませんかKōhī o nomimasen ka.Would you like to have some coffee?

Volitional -ましょう (-mashō) / -ましょうか (-mashō ka)

-ましょう = “Let’s ~” (suggesting an action together) -ましょうか = “Shall we ~?” / “Shall I ~?” (offering/suggesting)

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
行きましょうIkimashō!Let’s go!
帰りましょうKaerimashō.Let’s go home.
日本語を話しましょうNihongo o hanashimashō.Let’s speak Japanese.
一緒に食べましょうIssho ni tabemashō.Let’s eat together.
何を食べましょうかNani o tabemashō ka.What shall we eat?
また会いましょうMata aimashō.Let’s meet again.

-ましょう vs -ましょうか

  • -ましょう = “let’s ___” (declaring/proposing an action together)
  • -ましょうか = “shall we ___?” (more tentative; checking if the listener agrees)

一緒に食べましょう = “Let’s eat together (definitely).” 一緒に食べましょうか = “Shall we eat together?”

Same nuance for -ませんか (“won’t you ___?” — invitation) vs -ましょう (“let’s”). Use -ませんか when politely inviting and -ましょう/-ましょうか when agreeing/proposing with someone.

Plain Volitional (-よう / -おう)

The plain (informal) version of -ましょう. Used in casual speech and as a building block for self-questioning patterns. Source: Beginner S2 #39.

How to form:

GroupRuleExample
Group 1Change final -u → -ō行く ikku → 行こう ikō / 飲む nomu → 飲もう nomō / 話す hanasu → 話そう hanasō
Group 2Drop る → add よう食べる taberu → 食べよう tabeyō / 見る miru → 見よう miyō
Group 3Memorizeする → しよう shiyō / 来る → 来(こ)よう koyō

Examples:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
行こう!Ikō!Let’s go! (casual)
食べよう。Tabe.Let’s eat. (casual)
寝よう。Ne.Let’s sleep.

にしようかな — casual self-question

Combining the volitional with か な at the end creates a self-directed musing: “I wonder if I should…” (Source: Beginner S2 #39.)

Pattern: [noun / interrogative] + に + しよう + かな

  • 焼肉にしようかな。/ Yakiniku ni shiyō ka na. / “I wonder if I should have yakiniku.”
  • どっちにしようかな。/ Docchi ni shiyō ka na. / “I wonder which one I should pick.”
  • にしようかな。/ Nani ni shiyō ka na. / “What should I have, I wonder…”

With an interrogative pronoun (どっち/何/etc.) the か な can be dropped: 何にしよう。 still reads as a self-question.

Conditional Forms (-tara, -nara)

Two ways to say “if / when” — they’re not interchangeable. Source: Beginner S2 #23.

-tara: ~ “if/when (after this happens)”

Formation: plain past form (た-form) + ら.

Plain past+ raEnglish
走った hashitta走ったら hashittaraif/when (I/you/etc.) run
かわいかった kawaikattaかわいかったら kawaikattaraif it’s cute
雨だった ame datta雨だったら ame dattaraif it’s rainy (noun)
着いた tsuita着いたら tsuitarawhen (I) arrive
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
タクシーに乗ったら間に合うよ。Takushī ni nottara maniau yo.If you take a taxi, you’ll make it.
着いたら、改札の前で待っています。Tsuitara, kaisatsu no mae de matte imasu.When I arrive, I’ll wait in front of the ticket gate.
雨だったら、運動会は中止です。Ame dattara, undōkai wa chūshi desu.If it rains, the sports day is cancelled.

-nara: ~ “if it’s true that / if (we’re talking about)”

Formation: plain (non-past) form + なら. Used for hypotheticals about facts already on the table — “given that X, then Y.”

Base+ naraEnglish
勉強する benkyō suru勉強するならif (you’re going to) study
高い takai高いならif it’s expensive
きれい kirei (na-adj stem)きれいならif it’s beautiful
子ども kodomo (noun)子どもならif it’s a child
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
そんなに高いなら、買わないよ。Sonna ni takai nara, kawanai yo.If it’s that expensive, I won’t buy it.
先生なら、きっと怒るだろう。Sensei nara, kitto okoru darō.If it’s the teacher, they’ll probably get angry.
京都に行くなら、清水寺がいいよ。Kyōto ni iku nara, Kiyomizu-dera ga ii yo.If you’re going to Kyoto, Kiyomizu Temple is good.

Quick test: -tara vs -nara

  • -tara is temporal (“after X happens, then Y”). Always implies sequence: X happens, Y follows.
  • -nara is logical (“given X is the case, then Y”). No time order — Y can happen before X.

“If you go to the bank, withdraw some money”:

  • 銀行に行ったら、お金を下ろして。(after going) ✓
  • 銀行に行くなら、お金を下ろして。(if you happen to be going) ✓ — both work but emphasis differs

〜ないうちに / 〜ないうちは — “Before X happens / while X hasn’t yet”

Literally “while [X] has not yet happened.” Often results in a Japanese double negative that English flips to “before…” or “not… until.” Source: Beginner S2 #50.

Formation: verb negative (〜ない) + うちに / うちは.

FormNuance
〜ないうちにbefore X happens, do Y” — seize the window of opportunity
〜ないうちはas long as X hasn’t happened, Y is the case / don’t do Y” — a standing condition
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
雨が降らないうちに、帰りましょう。Ame ga furanai uchi ni, kaerimashō.Let’s go home before it rains.
忘れないうちに、メモしておこう。Wasurenai uchi ni, memo shite okō.Let me jot this down before I forget.
宿題が終わらないうちは、ゲームしちゃだめ。Shukudai ga owaranai uchi wa, gēmu shicha dame.Until you finish your homework, no games.
子ども達が寝ないうちは、テレビをつけちゃだめよ。Kodomo-tachi ga nenai uchi wa, terebi o tsukecha dame yo.Don’t turn on the TV until the kids are asleep.

Also works with 〜ている: 酔っているうちは (“while you’re drunk…”). Compare with 〜前に (“before [event]”) — うちに carries more “seize the chance” nuance.

〜なければいけない — “Must / have to” (obligation)

Literally “if you don’t [V], it won’t do” — a double negative meaning “must / have to V.” Many interchangeable variants; formality/register differ. Source: Beginner S2 #52.

Formation: Verb negative (drop ない) + なければ + いけない / ならない

VariantRegister
〜なければならない / 〜なくてはならないmost formal, written
〜なければいけない / 〜なくてはいけないstandard spoken
〜なきゃいけない / 〜なきゃならないcasual (contraction of なければ)
〜なくちゃいけない / 〜なくちゃならないcasual (contraction of なくては)
〜ないといけないcasual, very common
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
話さなければいけない事があるの。Hanasanakereba ikenai koto ga aru no.There’s something I have to tell you.
残業しなくてはならないから、映画にはいけない。Zangyō shinakute wa naranai kara, eiga ni wa ikenai.I have to work overtime, so I can’t go to the movie.
明日は早起きしなくちゃならないAshita wa hayaoki shinakucha naranai.I have to get up early tomorrow.
走らないといけないHashiranai to ikenai.I have to run.

Dropping the second half in speech

Native speakers often drop the second half entirely: 行かなきゃ / 食べなくちゃ — the listener fills in “…いけない.” Very common in casual conversation.

〜ほうがいい — “Should / had better”

Suggests a course of action. Notably, the affirmative uses the past form for emphasis (“you’d really better V”). Source: Beginner S2 #55.

Formation:

  • Affirmative: Verb plain past (〜た) + ほうがいい (“should V”)
  • Negative: Verb plain negative (〜ない) + ほうがいい (“shouldn’t V”)
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
たくさん旅行に行ったほうがいいよ。Takusan ryokō ni itta hō ga ii yo.You should travel a lot.
たくさん本を読んだほうがいいよ。Takusan hon o yonda hō ga ii yo.You should read a lot of books.
雨が降りそうだから、かさを持っていったほうがいいAme ga furisō da kara, kasa o motte itta hō ga ii.Since it looks like rain, you should take an umbrella.
人の悪口は言わないほうがいいHito no waruguchi wa iwanai hō ga ii.You shouldn’t speak ill of people.

Past form (-た) vs non-past (-る)

  • 食べたほうがいい (past) = “you’d really better eat” — more emphatic, the usual form for personal advice.
  • 食べるほうがいい (non-past) = “eating is the better option” — more general/abstract, used for general statements.
  • Negative is always non-past + ない: 食べないほうがいい.

Compare with 〜べき (more moralistic, “ought to”) and 〜なければいけない (stronger, “must”).

Causative Form (〜せる / 〜させる) — “make/let someone do”

The causative expresses that someone causes or allows someone else to do something. Source: Beginner S2 #51, #53.

Formation (from negative stem):

GroupPlainNegative stemCausative
Group 1書く kaku書か (kaka-)書かせる kakaseru
Group 2食べる taberu食べ (tabe-)食べさせる tabesaseru
Group 3来る kuru来(こ) ko-させる kosaseru
Group 3する suruさせる saseru

Pattern (transitive verb): [Causer] [Causee] [object] [causative verb]

  • 先生は生徒本を読ませた。/ Sensei wa seito ni hon o yomaseta. / “The teacher made/let the students read a book.”

Pattern (intransitive verb): [Causer] [Causee] に / を [causative verb]. Choosing implies coercion (“forced to”); implies allowing.

  • 先生は生徒1時間立たせた。/ “The teacher made the students stand for 1 hour.” (forced)
  • 先生は生徒自由に過ごさせた。/ “The teacher let the students relax freely.” (permission)

Permission flavor: 〜させてください / 〜させてくれる (“please let me ~” / “let me ~”). The te-form of the causative + くれる/ください = asking permission. Source: Beginner S2 #53.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
私にその歌を歌わせてくださいWatashi ni sono uta o utawasete kudasai.Please let me sing that song.
結婚させてくださいKekkon sasete kudasai.Please let (us / me) marry.
父はディズニーランドに行かせてくれたChichi wa Dizunīrando ni ikasete kureta.Dad let me go to Disneyland.

Wants & Desires: 〜たい (1st person) vs 〜たがる / 〜がる (3rd person)

In Japanese, you can’t directly state someone else’s feelings — only your own. To talk about a third party’s desires/feelings, attach 〜がる to adjective stems and 〜たがる to the -tai form. Source: Beginner S2 #17.

Formation:

1st person (自分)3rd person (他人)
食べたい (I want to eat)食べたがる (he/she wants to eat)
欲しい (I want / want it)欲しがる (he/she wants it)
嬉しい (I’m happy)嬉しがる (he/she is happy)
嫌(いや) (I dislike it)がる (he/she dislikes it)
懐かしい (I miss / am nostalgic)懐かしがる (he/she is nostalgic)

The -がる verb conjugates as a Group 1 verb. -tagaru/-garu doesn’t work in front of yourself — you’re the only one whose internal state you can claim directly.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ジョンはゴキブリを嫌がっているJon wa gokiburi o iyagatte iru.John hates cockroaches.
子どもがおもちゃを欲しがるKodomo ga omocha o hoshigaru.The child wants the toy.
ピーターさんはニューヨークを懐かしがっていますPītā-san wa Nyū Yōku o natsukashigatte imasu.Peter misses New York.

You can't say 私は嬉しがる

About yourself, use the plain adjective: 私は嬉しい (watashi wa ureshii). Use 嬉しがる only for someone else.

Giving & Receiving: あげる / くれる / もらう

Japanese picks the verb based on the direction of the gift relative to the speaker. あげる goes outward/sideways; くれる comes inward toward me/my in-group; もらう is me (or in-group) receiving. Using あげる with 私 as the recipient is ungrammatical — use くれる. Source: Beginner S2 #13, #16.

VerbDirectionPattern
あげる ageru“give” — I/we → others, or others → others[Giver] [Receiver] [object] あげる
くれる kureru“give” — others → me / my in-group[Giver] [私] [object] くれる
もらう morau“receive” — I/we (or in-group) get from someone[Receiver] [Giver] に / から [object] もらう
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
25人にチョコをあげましたよ。Nijū go-nin ni choko o agemashita yo.I gave chocolate to 25 people.
私は彼女に本をあげたWatashi wa kanojo ni hon o ageta.I gave her a book.
生徒たちは私に花をくれたSeitotachi wa watashi ni hana o kureta.The students gave me flowers. (NOT あげた)
誕生日に恋人から写真集をもらいましたTanjōbi ni koibito kara shashinshū o moraimashita.I got a photo book from my partner for my birthday.
先月いっぱいもらいましたよね。Sengetsu ippai moraimashita yo ne.You received a lot last month, right?

に vs から with もらう

Both mark the giver. is preferred when the giver is a person; から is preferred for institutions, companies, or non-persons (会社から、学校から).

Polite/humble keigo forms

The “next layer” for formal/business contexts:

PlainHumble (when receiving from / giving to superior)
あげる ageru差し上げる sashiageru (humble: I give to a superior)
くれる kureruくださる kudasaru (respectful: a superior gives to me)
もらう morauいただく itadaku (humble: I receive from a superior)

All three can also be auxiliaries with 〜て: 〜てくれる (“do me the favor of V-ing”), 〜てもらう (“have someone V for me”), 〜てあげる (“do V for someone else”).

〜始める / 〜終わる — Start / Finish V-ing

Compound auxiliary verbs that attach to a verb’s ます-stem. 〜始める (“start to V”) is taught in Beginner S2 #49. Drop ます from the polite form and attach. Conjugates as a regular ru-verb.

Formation: Verb ます-stem + 始める / 終わる

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
日本語は11歳から勉強し始めましたNihongo wa jūichi-sai kara benkyō shi-hajimemashita.I started studying Japanese when I was 11.
昨日からジャパニーズポッド101を聞き始めましたKinō kara Japanīzu Poddo 101 o kiki-hajimemashita.I started listening to JapanesePod101 yesterday.
雨が降り始めたAme ga furi-hajimeta.It started raining.
食べ終わるtabe-owaruto finish eating
読み終わったYomi-owatta.I finished reading.

Related: なかなか〜ない

Bonus pattern from the same lesson: なかなか + negative verb = “not easily / despite trying, doesn’t happen.” E.g., 漢字はなかなか覚えられません (“I can’t easily memorize kanji”). Source: Beginner S2 #49.

More abrupt start: 〜出す (dasu)

〜出す (“suddenly burst out V-ing”) is more abrupt than 始める. E.g., 笑い出す (“burst out laughing”), 泣き出す (“burst into tears”). Same construction: ます-stem + 出す.

Purpose: 〜ように (“so that”)

Connects a goal/intention to an action. Source: Beginner S2 #30.

Formation: verb (informal non-past, often potential or negative) + ように + main clause.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
母の日に間に合うように、航空便にしよう。Haha no hi ni maniau yō ni, kōkū-bin ni shiyō.I’ll send it air mail so that it arrives in time for Mother’s Day.
みんなに聞こえるように大きな声で話してください。Minna ni kikoeru yō ni ōki na koe de hanashite kudasai.Please speak loudly so that everyone can hear.
遅れないように、タクシーで行った。Okurenai yō ni, takushī de itta.I went by taxi so that I wouldn’t be late.
雨にぬれないように、傘を持って行きます。Ame ni nurenai yō ni, kasa o motte ikimasu.I’ll bring an umbrella so I won’t get wet.

Often paired with potential or negative verbs

The verb before ように is usually a potential form (can do) or negative form (won’t do) — that’s what makes it a “purpose” rather than a direct sequence.

あります / います — Existence Verbs

“To exist / to be (somewhere) / to have.” Two verbs split by what exists:

  • あります (arimasu) — for inanimate things (objects, places, abstract things)
  • います (imasu) — for animate things (people, animals)

Three core uses:

1. Existence (“there is ” / ” exists”):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
近くに駅がありますChikaku ni eki ga arimasu.There’s a station nearby.
ここに猫がいますKoko ni neko ga imasu.There’s a cat here.

2. Asking if something exists / is available — 近くに〜ありますか:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
近くに薬局はありますかChikaku ni yakkyoku wa arimasu ka?Is there a pharmacy nearby?
近くにコンビニがありますかChikaku ni konbini ga arimasu ka?Is there a convenience store nearby?

The thing you’re looking for can take either が or は in question/negative form.

3. Possession (“[person] has [thing]”):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
予約がありますYoyaku ga arimasu.I have a reservation.
熱が38度ありますNetsu ga sanjū-hachi-do arimasu.I have a fever of 38°.
パスポートがありませんPasupōto ga arimasen.I don’t have my passport.
友達がいますTomodachi ga imasu.I have a friend.

Quantity goes BEFORE あります

○ 熱が38度あります / Netsu ga sanjū-hachi-do arimasu (“I have a 38° fever”) × 熱が38度です (“My fever is 38°” — grammatical but less natural in this context)

かかります — to Take / to Cost

Used for time taken or money cost.

Pattern: [duration / amount] かかります.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
駅まで10分かかりますEki made juppun kakarimasu.It takes 10 minutes to the station.
1000円かかりますSen-en kakarimasu.It costs 1000 yen.
どのくらいかかりますかDono kurai kakarimasu ka?How long does it take? / How much does it cost? (context-disambiguated)

くらい / ぐらい placement

The “approximately” word follows the quantity:

  • ○ 千円くらい / sen-en kurai (“about 1000 yen”)
  • × くらい千円 (wrong)

Sentence Pattern with を (o)

The object marker を (o) marks what the verb acts on:

[Subject] は (wa) [Object] を (o) [Verb]-ます (-masu)。

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
私はアールアンドビーをききます。Watashi wa āru ando bī o kikimasu.I listen to R&B.
私は音楽をききません。Watashi wa ongaku o kikimasen.I don’t listen to music.
ミヨンちゃんは音楽をききますか。Mi Yon-chan wa ongaku o kikimasu ka?Does Mi Yeon listen to music?

[Noun] を (o) します (shimasu) Pattern

します (shimasu, “to do”) pairs with nouns for activities, sports, and events:

Activities & daily life:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
パーティーをしますpātī o shimasuhave a party
デートをしますdēto o shimasugo on a date
ショッピングをしますshoppingu o shimasugo shopping
ミーティングをしますmītingu o shimasuhave a meeting
電話をしますdenwa o shimasumake a phone call
勉強をしますbenkyō o shimasustudy
料理をしますryōri o shimasucook
洗濯をしますsentaku o shimasudo laundry
掃除をしますsōji o shimasuclean
散歩をしますsanpo o shimasutake a walk
運転をしますunten o shimasudrive
運動をしますundō o shimasuexercise

Sports (スポーツをします):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
サッカーをしますsakkā o shimasuplay soccer
テニスをしますtenisu o shimasuplay tennis
野球をしますyakyū o shimasuplay baseball
バスケットボールをしますbasukettobōru o shimasuplay basketball
水泳をしますsuiei o shimasuswim
ジョギングをしますjogingu o shimasugo jogging
ヨガをしますyoga o shimasudo yoga
サルサをしますsarusa o shimasudo salsa

Full Sentence Pattern

The most complete sentence pattern combining everything:

[Time], [Topic] は (wa) [Time] に (ni) [Person] と (to) [Place] で (de) [Object] を (o) [Verb]-ます (-masu)。

PartParticleMeaning
Topicは (wa)as for [topic]
Timeに (ni)at [time]
Personと (to)with [person]
Placeで (de)at/in [place]
Objectを (o)[object]
Verb-ますpolite verb
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
今夜、私は東さんと銀座で映画をみます。Kon’ya, watashi wa Higashi-san to Ginza de eiga o mimasu.Tonight, I’ll watch a movie with Mr. Higashi in Ginza.
日曜日に、みなみさんとぎんざですしをたべます。Nichiyōbi ni, Minami-san to Ginza de sushi o tabemasu.On Sunday, I’ll eat sushi with Minami in Ginza.
二時にお客さんと会社でミーティングをします。Ni-ji ni o-kyaku-san to kaisha de mītingu o shimasu.At 2:00, we’ll have a meeting with the client at the office.

Word order flexibility

The order of [time] に (ni), [person] と (to), and [place] で (de) can be rearranged. The meaning stays the same as long as particles are correct:

  • 東さんと銀座で映画をみます (Higashi-san to Ginza de eiga o mimasu) = 銀座で東さんと映画をみます (Ginza de Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu)

Movement Verbs with Direction & Transportation

For going/coming/returning, use へ (e) for direction and で (de) for transportation:

[Topic] は (wa) [Transport] で (de) [Direction] へ (e) [Movement Verb]

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
私はタクシーでうちへ帰ります。Watashi wa takushī de uchi e kaerimasu.I’ll go home by taxi.
私は地下鉄でバーへ行きます。Watashi wa chikatetsu de bā e ikimasu.I’ll go to the bar by subway.
キムさんは電車で東京へ来ます。Kimu-san wa densha de Tōkyō e kimasu.Mr. Kim is coming to Tokyo by train.

The order of で (de) and へ (e) phrases can be swapped:

  • うちへタクシーで帰ります (uchi e takushī de kaerimasu) = タクシーでうちへ帰ります (takushī de uchi e kaerimasu) — same meaning

Asking about trains/transit:

  • これは新宿へ行きますか。/ Kore wa Shinjuku e ikimasu ka? / Does this go to Shinjuku?
  • 次の電車は何時に来ますか。/ Tsugi no densha wa nan-ji ni kimasu ka? / What time does the next train come? (次/tsugi = next, 電車/densha = train)

Question Words

KanjiKanaRomajiMeaningExample
なに / なんnani / nanwhat何ですか (nan desu ka) - What is it?
いくらいくらikurahow muchいくらですか (ikura desu ka) - How much?
だれdarewho誰の (dare no) - whose?
どこどこdokowhereどこですか (doko desu ka) - Where?
どんなどんなdonnawhat kind ofどんな人 (donna hito) - what kind of person?
いついつitsuwhenいつですか (itsu desu ka) - When?
何時なんじnan-jiwhat time何時ですか (nan-ji desu ka) - What time?
何曜日なんようびnan-yōbiwhat day何曜日ですか (nan-yōbi desu ka)
何月なんがつnan-gatsuwhat month何月ですか (nan-gatsu desu ka)
何日なんにちnan-nichiwhat date何日ですか (nan-nichi desu ka)
何分なんぷんnan-punhow many min何分ですか (nan-pun desu ka)
何時間なんじかんnan-jikanhow many hrs何時間ですか (nan-jikan desu ka)
どうしてどうしてdōshitewhyどうしてですか (dōshite desu ka) - Why?
どちらどちらdochirawhich (of two)どちらがいいですか (dochira ga ii desu ka) - Which do you prefer?
何名なんめいnan-meihow many people何名様ですか (nan-mei-sama desu ka) - How many in your party?

なに vs なん

何 is read as なに (nani) when followed by the particle を:

  • しますか。/ Nani o shimasu ka? / What will you do?

It is read as なん (nan) before です, before counters, and in compounds:

  • ですか。/ Nan desu ka? / What is it?
  • / nan-ji / what time

Complete question pattern: いつ 誰と どこで 何を しますか。/ Itsu dare to doko de nani o shimasu ka? / When, with whom, where, what will you do?

Self-Introduction & Meeting People

Basic Self-Introduction Pattern

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
はじめまして。Hajimemashite.Nice to meet you. (lit. “for the first time”)
私は__です。Watashi wa ___ desu.I am ___.
よろしくお願いします。Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.Please treat me well. (standard closing)

Business Introduction

When introducing yourself with your company:

[Company] の (no) [Name] です (desu)。

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ジャパニーズポッドのピーターです。Japanīzu Poddo no Pītā desu.I’m Peter from Japanese Pod.
スタイルユーの東です。Sutairuyū no Higashi desu.I’m Higashi from Style You.

Humble Self-Introduction with と申します

For formal/business settings, use と申します (to mōshimasu) instead of です. と marks a quotation; 申します is the humble form of “to say.”

[Name] と申します。

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
はじめまして。水木一男と申します。Hajimemashite. Mizuki Kazuo to mōshimasu.Nice to meet you. My name is Kazuo Mizuki.
田中と申します。よろしくお願いします。Tanaka to mōshimasu. Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.I’m called Tanaka. Please treat me well.

Humble verbs (謙譲語 — kenjōgo)

Humble language lowers your own actions to elevate the listener. Two essential humble swaps to know in formal/business situations (Source: Beginner S2 #2):

Plain dictionaryHumble (kenjōgo)Use
言う iu — to say申す mōsu“I say…” / “I’m called…”
する suru — to doいたす itasu“I do (humbly)…”

A maximally formal closing in business: よろしくお願いいたします (yoroshiku onegai itashimasu) — the humble いたす replaces する.

You’ve probably seen these embedded in set phrases: どういたしまして (you’re welcome — humble form of “do”) and いただきます (humble form of receiving).

Productive Humble Pattern: お+V-stem+します

A productive humble construction — you can build a humble form for most verbs without memorizing a separate kenjōgo verb. The speaker humbles their own action when it involves or affects a person they want to show respect to (customer, superior). Source: Beginner S2 #47.

Formation: + verb ます-stem + する / します (Sino-Japanese suru-verbs use + noun + する: ご説明します)

Plain verbHumble formEnglish
持つ motsu (carry)持ちします o-mochi shimasuI’ll carry it (for you)
聞く kiku (ask)聞きします o-kiki shimasuI’ll ask / I’d like to ask
待たせる mataseru (make wait)待たせしました o-matase shimashitaSorry to have kept you waiting
騒がせる sawagaseru (disturb)騒がせして o-sawagase shite(I’m sorry) for having disturbed you
説明する setsumei suru説明します go-setsumei shimasuI’ll explain (humbly)

Direction of respect matters

  • お + stem + します (humble / 謙譲語) — lowers the speaker’s action. Use only for actions you do toward a respected party.
  • お + stem + になる (honorific / 尊敬語) — elevates the listener’s action. Use for actions they do.

Don’t mix them up — using the humble form for someone else’s actions implies they are beneath you.

When a verb has a suppletive (memorized) humble form, use that instead of the productive pattern:

  • 言う → 申す (mōsu)
  • 行く / 来る → 参る (mairu)
  • 食べる / 飲む → いただく (itadaku)

Introducing a Third Party (こちらは〜です)

Set phrase for introducing someone else to your listener. Use こちら (“this direction”) instead of これ (“this thing”) — pointing at a person with これ is rude. Source: Beginner S2 #3.

Pattern: こちらは + [name] + です。

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
こちらはたけです。中学校の友達。Kochira wa Take desu. Chūgakkō no tomodachi.This is Take, a friend from middle school.
こちらは山口ちぐさです。Kochira wa Yamaguchi Chigusa desu.This is Chigusa Yamaguchi.
こちらは田中さんでございますKochira wa Tanaka-san de gozaimasu.This is Mr. Tanaka. (more polite)

After being introduced, the person should properly introduce themselves with 初めまして…

Saying Where You’re From (出身 / 〜から来ました)

Two common patterns:

PatternJapaneseRomajiEnglish
出身は ___ です出身は東京です。Shusshin wa Tōkyō desu.I’m from Tokyo.
___ から来ましたイタリアから来ました。Itaria kara kimashita.I came from Italy.

Bigger area FIRST, smaller area second (with の)

When specifying both region and city, the bigger area precedes the smaller, joined by の:

  • ○ 出身は東京の赤坂です。/ Shusshin wa Tōkyō no Akasaka desu. / I’m from Akasaka in Tokyo.
  • イタリアのナポリから来ました。/ Itaria no Napori kara kimashita. / I’m from Naples, Italy.
  • × 赤坂の東京 (wrong order)

This is the opposite of English (“Akasaka, Tokyo”). Think country/region → prefecture → city → district.

Other Useful Phrases

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
お名前は何ですか?O-namae wa nan desu ka?What’s your name? (polite)
元気ですか?Genki desu ka?How are you?
私は日本人です。Watashi wa nihonjin desu.I’m Japanese.
いらっしゃいませIrasshaimaseWelcome (to a shop)! May I help you? (formal staff greeting)
いらっしゃいIrasshaiWelcome (more casual)
お帰りなさいO-kaerinasaiWelcome home
まけてくださいMakete kudasaiPlease come down on the price (haggling)

Honorific Suffixes

Added after someone’s name. Using the wrong one can be rude or overly familiar.

SuffixKanaUsage
-様-さま / -samaMost polite. Used for customers, in very formal situations.
-さん-さん / -sanStandard polite. Default for most situations - like Mr./Ms.
-君-くん / -kunFor males who are younger or same age. Common among male friends/coworkers.
-ちゃん-ちゃん / -chanAffectionate. For children, close female friends, pets. Sounds cute/casual.

Warning

Never use -さん (-san) for yourself! Only for others.

  • ○ 私はスティーブンです。(Watashi wa Sutiibun desu.)
  • × 私はスティーブンさんです。(Watashi wa Sutiibun-san desu.) — Wrong, don’t san yourself

Everyone:

  • みなさん (mina-san) - everyone (standard)
  • みなさま (mina-sama) - everyone (very polite)

Honorific Prefix お (o-)

お (o-) is added before a word to make it more polite or respectful. It’s not for your own stuff — it’s for others or for general politeness.

With おRomajiWithout おMeaning
お名前o-namae名前 (namae)name (polite)
お元気o-genki元気 (genki)health/energy (polite)
お水o-mizu水 (mizu)water (polite)
お金o-kane金 (kane)money (polite)
お茶o-cha茶 (cha)tea (so common it’s basically always お茶)
お会計o-kaikei会計 (kaikei)the bill (polite)
お客さんo-kyaku-san客 (kyaku)customer/guest (polite)

Note

Some words like お茶 (o-cha, tea) and お金 (o-kane, money) are almost always used with お — dropping it sounds weird. Others like お元気 (o-genki) are only polite; casual would just be 元気 (genki).

Polite Selection: 〜になさいますか (ni nasaimasu ka)

になさいますか is the polite/honorific form of にしますか (“Will you decide on / choose ___?”). Used by shop staff, waiters, post-office clerks, etc., to politely ask which option you want. Source: Beginner S2 #29.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
コーヒーと紅茶、どちらになさいますかKōhī to kōcha, dochira ni nasaimasu ka?Coffee or tea — which would you like?
航空便と船便、どちらになさいますかKōkū-bin to funa-bin, dochira ni nasaimasu ka?Air mail or surface mail — which would you like?
こちらの赤いバッグになさいますかKochira no akai baggu ni nasaimasu ka?Will you go with this red bag?

The customer’s reply uses plain にする / にします: コーヒーにします (“I’ll have coffee”) — you don’t humble-up your own choosing.

Polite Offering: いかが / いかがですか

いかが is the polite/keigo equivalent of どう (“how”). Used to offer something or politely ask the listener’s opinion (“How about ___?” / “Would you like ___?”). Common in service contexts. Source: Beginner S2 #48.

Pattern: [item being offered] + は + いかがですか?

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ビールのお代わりはいかがですかBīru no o-kawari wa ikaga desu ka?Would you like another beer?
ほかに、ポテトはいかがですかHoka ni, poteto wa ikaga desu ka?Would you like potatoes as well?
カルボナーラはいかがですかKarubonāra wa ikaga desu ka?How about the carbonara?
お味はいかがですかO-aji wa ikaga desu ka?How is the taste?

Casual equivalents

Casual versions: 〜はどうですか (neutral polite) / 〜はどう? (casual). Use いかが with customers, guests, or superiors. Often paired with お/ご prefixes for extra politeness.

Essential Phrases & Expressions

Greetings

JapaneseRomajiEnglishWhen
おはようございますohayō gozaimasugood morningmorning (formal)
おはようohayōmorningmorning (casual)
こんにちはkonnichiwahello / good afternoondaytime
こんばんはkonbanwagood eveningevening
おやすみなさいoyasumi nasaigood nightbefore sleeping

Goodbyes

JapaneseRomajiEnglishFormality
じゃまたja matasee youcasual
じゃあ、またjā, matawell, see you thencasual
またあしたmata ashitasee you tomorrowcasual
また会いましょうmata aimashōlet’s meet againpolite
さようならsayōnaragoodbyeneutral (has a sense of finality)
失礼しますshitsurei shimasuexcuse me (I’m leaving)formal/polite
お世話になりましたo-sewa ni narimashitathank you for your kindness/hospitalityformal (when parting after someone helped you)
色々お世話になりましたiroiro o-sewa ni narimashitathank you for everything (you’ve done)very formal/grateful
お元気でo-genki detake care (of yourself)used for long-term or final goodbyes
こちらこそkochira kososame to you / you tooresponse to thanks/compliments

Note

お元気で (o-genki de) has a permanent feeling — use it when you won’t see someone for a long time or possibly never again. For casual “see you later” goodbyes, use じゃまた or またね.

Gratitude Hierarchy (least → most formal)

JapaneseRomajiLevel
どうもdōmovery casual, quick thanks
ありがとうarigatōcasual thanks
どうもありがとうdōmo arigatōcasual but warmer
ありがとうございますarigatō gozaimasupolite thanks
どうもありがとうございますdōmo arigatō gozaimasumost polite

Response: どういたしまして (dōitashimashite) - You’re welcome.

Past-tense thanks: ありがとうございました

Use ございました (past) when thanking for something already completed:

  • ありがとうございました。/ Arigatō gozaimashita. / “Thank you (for what you just did).”
  • 色々ありがとうございました。/ Iroiro arigatō gozaimashita. / “Thank you for everything (you’ve done).”

ありがとうございます (present) is for ongoing/general thanks; ございました specifically marks “for something now finished.”

Apology Hierarchy (least → most formal)

JapaneseRomajiLevel
ごめんgomenvery casual (friends only)
ごめんなさいgomen nasaicasual apology
すみませんsumimasenpolite (also means “excuse me”)
申し訳ありませんmōshiwake arimasenvery formal/business

すみません vs すいません

About 50% of native speakers say すいません (suimasen) in casual conversation, but it’s grammatically incorrect — the proper form is すみません (sumimasen). With elders, superiors, or in formal settings, always use すみません.

Shopping Phrases

Basics:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
いくらですか。Ikura desu ka?How much is it?
これをください。Kore o kudasai.This one please. / Please give me this.
メニューを見せてください。Menyū o misete kudasai.Please show me the menu.
__円です。___ en desu.It’s ___ yen.
税込みですか。Zeikomi desu ka?Is tax included?
見ているだけです。Mite iru dake desu.I’m just looking.
〜を探しています。___ o sagashite imasu.I’m looking for ___.
ちょっと考えます。Chotto kangaemasu.Let me think about it.

Sizes & trying on:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
Mサイズはありますか。Emu saizu wa arimasu ka?Do you have a size M?
もっと大きいサイズはありますか。Motto ōkii saizu wa arimasu ka?Do you have a larger size?
もっと小さいサイズはありますか。Motto chīsai saizu wa arimasu ka?Do you have a smaller size?
試着してもいいですか。Shichaku shite mo ii desu ka?May I try this on?
試着室はどこですか。Shichaku-shitsu wa doko desu ka?Where’s the fitting room?
ちょうどいいです。Chōdo ii desu.It fits just right.
ぴったりです。Pittari desu.It’s a perfect fit.
ちょっときついです。Chotto kitsui desu.It’s a bit tight.
ちょっとゆるいです。Chotto yurui desu.It’s a bit loose.
長すぎます。Nagasugimasu.It’s too long.
短すぎます。Mijikasugimasu.It’s too short.

Colors, materials, stock:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
他の色はありますか。Hoka no iro wa arimasu ka?Do you have other colors?
黒はありますか。Kuro wa arimasu ka?Do you have it in black?
素材は何ですか。Sozai wa nan desu ka?What’s the material?
在庫はありますか。Zaiko wa arimasu ka?Is it in stock?
売り切れですか。Urikire desu ka?Is it sold out?
他の店舗にありますか。Hoka no tenpo ni arimasu ka?Do you have it at another branch?

Price, payment, gift:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
セール中ですか。Sēru-chū desu ka?Is this on sale?
割引はありますか。Waribiki wa arimasu ka?Is there a discount?
もう少し安くなりませんか。Mō sukoshi yasuku narimasen ka?Could it be a little cheaper? (light haggling — flea markets only, not regular shops)
カードで払えますか。Kādo de haraemasu ka?Can I pay by card?
免税で買えますか。Menzei de kaemasu ka?Can I buy this tax-free?
プレゼント用に包んでください。Purezento-yō ni tsutsunde kudasai.Please wrap it as a gift.
袋をください。Fukuro o kudasai.Could I have a bag?
袋は要りません。Fukuro wa irimasen.I don’t need a bag.

Phone Phrases

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
もしもしmoshi moshihello (on the phone)
また、電話します。Mata, denwa shimasu.I’ll call again.
もう一度、お願いします。Mō ichido, onegai shimasu.Could you say that again?

Understanding

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
わかりますか。Wakarimasu ka?Do you understand?
はい、わかります。Hai, wakarimasu.Yes, I understand.
いいえ、わかりません。Iie, wakarimasen.No, I don’t understand.
わかりました。Wakarimashita.I understood / Got it.

Asking for Clarification & Help with Language

Indispensable phrases for when you don’t catch what someone said, or want to ask how to say something. Pair these with すみません (excuse me) at the front to get someone’s attention.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
もう一度お願いします。Mō ichi-do onegai shimasu.Once more, please. / Could you say that again?
ゆっくりお願いします。Yukkuri onegai shimasu.Slowly, please.
すみません。もう一度お願いします。Sumimasen. Mō ichi-do onegai shimasu.Sorry, could you say that again?
すみません。ゆっくりお願いします。Sumimasen. Yukkuri onegai shimasu.Sorry, could you say it slowly?
これは日本語で何ですか。Kore wa Nihon-go de nan desu ka?How do you say this in Japanese?
〜は日本語で何ですか。___ wa Nihon-go de nan desu ka?How do you say ”___” in Japanese?
英語で何ですか。Eigo de nan desu ka?What is it in English?

Building blocks

The two requests pair the adverb with お願いします:

  • もう一度 (mō ichi-do) — “one more time”
  • ゆっくり (yukkuri) — “slowly”

So [adverb] + お願いします is a flexible “please [do it that way]” template. Other useful pairs you’ll hear: はっきり (hakkiri, clearly) → はっきりお願いします, 大きい声で (ōkii koe de, in a louder voice) → 大きい声でお願いします.

Asking "what is this in [language]?"

Pattern: [word/object] は [language] で何ですか。 = “How do you say [X] in [language]?”

  • これは日本語で何ですか。/ Kore wa Nihon-go de nan desu ka? / How do you say this in Japanese?
  • 「umbrella」は日本語で何ですか。/ “Umbrella” wa Nihon-go de nan desu ka? / How do you say “umbrella” in Japanese?
  • これは英語で何ですか。/ Kore wa Eigo de nan desu ka? / What is this in English?

Getting Around

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
__はどこですか。___ wa doko desu ka?Where is ___?
ここはどこですか。Koko wa doko desu ka?Where am I?
__に行きたいです。___ ni ikitai desu.I want to go to ___.
トイレはどこですか。Toire wa doko desu ka?Where is the bathroom?
水飲み場はどこですか?Mizu nomi ba wa doko desu ka?Where is the drinking fountain?
水飲み場ある?Mizu nomi ba aru?Is there a water fountain? (casual)
助けて!Tasukete!Help!

-屋 (-ya) — shop suffix

Attaching 屋 (ya) to a noun makes “shop selling ___” or “X-seller”:

  • くすり (kusuri-ya) — pharmacy / drugstore
  • ラーメン (rāmen-ya) — ramen shop
  • (hon-ya) — bookstore
  • (hana-ya) — flower shop
  • パン (pan-ya) — bakery

In a Taxi

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
__までお願いします。___ made onegai shimasu.To ___ please.
横浜駅までお願いします。Yokohama eki made onegai shimasu.To Yokohama Station, please.
ここでいいです。Koko de ii desu.Stop here please.
運転手さんunten-shu-san“Mr. Driver” (how to address the cabbie when name is unknown)
渋滞ですか。Jūtai desu ka?Is there a traffic jam?
何分かかりますか。Nan-pun kakarimasu ka?How many minutes will it take?

Addressing service workers by occupation + さん

When you don’t know someone’s name, addressing them by their job + さん is polite:

  • 運転手さん (unten-shu-san) — “Mr./Ms. Driver”
  • 店員さん (ten’in-san) — “Mr./Ms. Clerk”
  • お客さん (o-kyaku-san) — “Mr./Ms. Customer”

Gym & Fitness

Joining & paying:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
一日券をください。Ichi-nichi-ken o kudasai.One day pass, please.
一日いくらですか。Ichi-nichi ikura desu ka?How much for one day?
体験できますか。Taiken dekimasu ka?Can I do a trial?
入会したいです。Nyūkai shitai desu.I’d like to sign up (become a member).
月会費はいくらですか。Tsuki-kaihi wa ikura desu ka?How much is the monthly fee?
退会したいです。Taikai shitai desu.I’d like to cancel my membership.
持ち物は何が必要ですか。Mochimono wa nani ga hitsuyō desu ka?What do I need to bring?
初心者です。Shoshinsha desu.I’m a beginner.

Inside the gym:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ロッカーはどこですか。Rokkā wa doko desu ka?Where are the lockers?
更衣室はどこですか。Kōi-shitsu wa doko desu ka?Where’s the changing room?
シャワーはありますか。Shawā wa arimasu ka?Are there showers?
タオルは借りられますか。Taoru wa kariraremasu ka?Can I borrow a towel?
マシンの使い方を教えてください。Mashin no tsukai-kata o oshiete kudasai.Could you show me how to use the machine?
このマシンは空いていますか。Kono mashin wa aite imasu ka?Is this machine free?
何時まで開いていますか。Nan-ji made aite imasu ka?Until what time are you open?
鍵はどうしますか。Kagi wa dō shimasu ka?What do I do about the key/lock?

Food & Ordering

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
これは何ですか。Kore wa nan desu ka?What is this?
おいしい!Oishii!Delicious!
お腹がすきました。Onaka ga sukimashita.I’m hungry.
水をください。Mizu o kudasai.Water, please.
お会計お願いします。Okaikei onegai shimasu.The bill, please.

At a restaurant:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
何名様ですか。Nan-mei-sama desu ka?How many in your party? (staff asks)
二名です。Ni-mei desu.Two people.
店内でお願いします。Tennai de onegai shimasu.Dine-in, please.
お持ち帰りでお願いします。Mochikaeri de onegai shimasu.Takeout, please.
お勧めは何ですか。O-susume wa nan desu ka?What do you recommend?
__抜きでお願いします。___ nuki de onegai shimasu.Without ___, please.
かしこまりました。Kashikomarimashita.Certainly. (very polite, staff says)
結構です。Kekkō desu.No thank you. / That’s enough.

〜抜き usage

Attach 抜き (nuki) to anything you want left out:

  • わさび抜きでお願いします。/ Wasabi nuki de onegai shimasu. / “Without wasabi, please.”
  • オニオン抜きで。/ Onion nuki de. / “Hold the onion.”
  • カフェイン抜き / Kafein nuki / “Decaf”

Choosing between two options — どちらがいいですか:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
コーヒーと紅茶とどちらがいいですかKōhī to kōcha to dochira ga ii desu ka?Which would you prefer, coffee or tea?
ホットとアイス、どちらにしますかHotto to aisu, dochira ni shimasu ka?Hot or iced — which would you like?
コーヒーがいいですKōhī ga ii desu.I’d prefer coffee.

Casual variant: drop ですか and shorten どちら → どっち:

  • なんとライス、どっちがいい? / Nan to raisu, docchi ga ii? / “Naan or rice — which?”

Café ordering script (S3 #46):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ホットとアイスがありますが…。Hotto to aisu ga arimasu ga…We have hot and iced (which would you like?).
ショートサイズでお願いします。Shōto saizu de onegai shimasu.Short size, please.
豆乳/ソイミルクでお願いします。Tōnyū / Soi miruku de onegai shimasu.With soy milk, please.
店内でお願いします。Tennai de onegai shimasu.For here, please.
お持ち帰りでお願いします。Mochikaeri de onegai shimasu.To go, please.

Eating phrases:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
いただきます。Itadakimasu.Said before eating (lit. “I humbly receive”)
ごちそうさまでした。Gochisō-sama deshita.Said after eating (lit. “it was a feast”)

Note

いただきます (itadakimasu) and ごちそうさまでした (gochisō-sama deshita) are essential Japanese table manners. Always say いただきます before eating and ごちそうさまでした when you’re done!

Paying:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
別々でお願いします。Betsubetsu de onegai shimasu.Separate checks, please.
割り勘でお願いします。Warikan de onegai shimasu.Let’s split it evenly.
一緒でお願いします。Issho de onegai shimasu.All together (one bill), please.
おごります。Ogorimasu.I’ll treat you. / It’s on me.

Asking about the food:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
これに何が入っていますか。Kore ni nani ga haitte imasu ka?What’s in this?
一番人気は何ですか。Ichi-ban ninki wa nan desu ka?What’s the most popular dish?
どんな味ですか。Donna aji desu ka?What does it taste like?
辛いですか。Karai desu ka?Is it spicy?
辛さは選べますか。Karasa wa erabemasu ka?Can I choose the spice level?
あまり辛くしないでください。Amari karaku shinaide kudasai.Please don’t make it too spicy.
〜アレルギーがあります。___ arerugī ga arimasu.I have a ___ allergy.
肉は入っていますか。Niku wa haitte imasu ka?Does it have meat in it?
試食できますか。Shishoku dekimasu ka?Can I try a sample?
ご試食どうぞ。Go-shishoku dōzo.Please try a sample. (staff offering)

Portions & doneness:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
大盛りでお願いします。Ōmori de onegai shimasu.Large portion, please.
小盛りでお願いします。Komori de onegai shimasu.Small portion, please.
半分にできますか。Hanbun ni dekimasu ka?Could you make it half-size?
お代わりお願いします。O-kawari onegai shimasu.Could I have a refill / second helping?
焼き加減はどうしますか。Yakikagen wa dō shimasu ka?How would you like it cooked? (staff asks)
ミディアムでお願いします。Midiamu de onegai shimasu.Medium, please.

Reactions & polite refusal:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
本当においしいです。Hontō ni oishii desu.It’s really delicious.
今はけっこうです。Ima wa kekkō desu.I’m fine for now (polite refusal).
他のにします。Hoka no ni shimasu.I’ll go with something else.
また来ます。Mata kimasu.I’ll come again.
ごちそうさまでした。とてもおいしかったです。Gochisō-sama deshita. Totemo oishikatta desu.Thank you for the meal. It was very good.

Gift-Giving Phrases

When giving a gift:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
これ、どうぞ。Kore, dōzo.Please accept this. (handing over)
つまらないものですが…Tsumaranai mono desu ga…It’s not much, but… (humble)
お礼です。O-rei desu.It’s a token of my gratitude.
色々ありがとうございました。Iroiro arigatō gozaimashita.Thank you for everything.

When receiving a gift:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ありがとうございます。Arigatō gozaimasu.Thank you.
(すみません、) ありがとうございます。(Sumimasen,) arigatō gozaimasu.(I’m sorry for the trouble,) thank you.
ええ?いいですよ…Ē? Ii desu yo…What? You really shouldn’t have…

Other Useful Expressions

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
すみませんsumimasenexcuse me / I’m sorry
お願いしますonegai shimasuplease (requesting something)
大丈夫daijōbuit’s okay / are you alright?
本当?hontō?really?
うそ!uso!no way! / you’re kidding!
ちょっとchottoa little / just a moment
だめdameno good / don’t do that
もうalready / soon
あのうanōum… / excuse me (getting attention)
えっとettoumm… (thinking)
そうです / そうですねsō desu / sō desu nethat’s right / yeah, true
ちょっと待ってくださいchotto matte kudasaiplease wait a moment
〜でしょうか~ deshō kasofter/more polite ”?” than 〜ですか (good for asking strangers)
よろしければyoroshikerebaif you don’t mind / if it’s alright with you
お先にどうぞo-saki ni dōzoafter you / please go ahead
助かりましたtasukarimashitathat really helped me / thanks for the help
うるさいurusailoud, noisy / “shut up!” (when said sharply)
日本語、勉強中ですNihongo, benkyō-chū desuI’m in the middle of studying Japanese (signals “please be patient”)

そうですか — intonation matters!

The same phrase means two different things depending on intonation:

  • そうですか↘️ (falling intonation) = “I see” / “Oh, okay” (acknowledgment)
  • そうですか↗️ (rising intonation) = “Really?” / “Is that so?” (surprise/curiosity)

Interjections & Informal Phrases

JapaneseRomajiMeaning
あれ?are?huh? / oh? (surprise/realization)
へぇーoh really? / I see! (casual interest)
すごいsugoiamazing / wow
ばかbakastupid / idiot (can be playful or rude)
やばいyabaioh crap / insane / crazy (bad OR good depending on context)
やった!yatta!yes! / we did it!
ほんとうにhontōnireally / truly / seriously
とりあえずtoriaezufor now / first of all
了解ryōkaigot it / understood (casual acknowledgment)
適当にtekitō nicasually / whatever / loosely
うそつきusotsukiliar
いけないikenainot allowed / must not / oh no
どうして?dōshite?why? / how come?
全部zenbueverything / all of it
楽しかったですtanoshikatta desuit was fun (past tense of tanoshii)
連絡くださいrenraku kudasaiplease contact me
メールしますねmēru shimasu neI’ll email you, okay?
誕生日おめでとうございますtanjōbi omedetō gozaimasuhappy birthday (formal)
おいoihey! (casual; can be rude)
いいところii tokoro“the best part” / “good part” (e.g., of a movie)
あり余るariamaruto be in excess, to have more than enough
片っ端からkatappashikaraevery last one, from A to Z

Congratulations pattern: [occasion] + おめでとうございます (omedetō gozaimasu)

  • In casual situations, drop ございます (gozaimasu): おめでとう (omedetō)

Casual Tag Questions: じゃね / だろ / んだけど

A trio of casual, often male-leaning sentence endings used to seek agreement, assume agreement, or soften with hesitation. Avoid in business or with seniors. Sources: Beginner S2 #41, #42, #46.

じゃね? — “…isn’t it?” (seeking agreement)

Casual shortening of じゃないか — a tag question with rising intonation. Mainly young male speakers (sometimes young female).

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
メイドバー来るの久しぶりじゃねMeido bā kuru no hisashiburi ja ne?It’s been a while since we came to a maid bar, hasn’t it?
あそこにいるの、先生じゃねAsoko ni iru no, sensei ja ne?That’s the teacher over there, isn’t it?
最高じゃね?!Saikō ja ne?!That’s the best, isn’t it?!

Politeness ladder: じゃないですか (polite) → じゃない (neutral casual) → じゃね (rough/young/male).

だろ / だろう — “right?” (assuming agreement, male-leaning)

Shortened だろう (volitional copula). Two uses: (1) “probably” (guessing); (2) tag seeking agreement (“…right?”). だろ (no う) is the rough male spoken form. Rising intonation = real question; flat intonation = assuming agreement. With na-adj/noun, drop だ: 静かだろ, 学生だろ.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
このキティーちゃん、かわいいだろKono Kitī-chan, kawaii daro!This Hello Kitty’s cute, right?!
あの映画、見ただろAno eiga, mita daro?You saw that movie, right?
今日のテスト、難しかっただろKyō no tesuto, muzukashikatta daro?Today’s test was hard, wasn’t it?
明日は晴れるだろうAshita wa hareru darō.It’ll probably be sunny tomorrow. (= “probably” use)

Politeness ladder: でしょう (polite, gender-neutral) → だろう (casual) → だろ (rough/male). Female casual tag equivalent is でしょ.

じゃね vs だろ

  • じゃね = “isn’t it?” — actively seeks confirmation (you’re not sure).
  • だろ = “right?” — assumes the listener agrees (you’re confident).

んだけど — soft contrast / hesitation (”…, but…“)

Combines explanatory んだ (=のだ, see “んです / のです — Explanatory Mood”) with けど (“but / though”). Signals “I want/think X, but…” — leaving the rest implied. Softens requests, expresses wistful contrast, or trails off as hesitation. Especially common with 〜たい (“I want to…, but…”).

Formation: plain form + んだけど (na-adj/noun + な + んだけど)

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
仕事終わってセールに行きたいんだけどなぁShigoto owatte sēru ni ikitai n da kedo nā.I want to go to the sale after work, but…(I can’t).
あの二人、かっこ良いんだけどなぁAno futari, kakko ii n da kedo nā.Those two are good-looking, though…(but they’re saying weird stuff).
もっと寝ていたいんだけどなMotto nete itai n dakedo naI want to keep sleeping, but…(I have to get up).
ちょっと聞きたいんだけどChotto kikitai n da kedoI’d like to ask you something, but… (polite request opener)

Trailing off carries the meaning

Often the main clause is dropped entirely — the けど trailing off implies “…but [unspoken obstacle / hesitation].” Useful for opening polite requests.

Politeness ladder: けれども (most polite) → けれど → けども → けど (least polite). んだ ≈ のだ (casual).

Surprise & Admiration: 〜なんて

なんて marks something unexpected or surprising — a way to express admiration, joyful astonishment, or “I can’t believe…” reactions. Source: Beginner S2 #56.

Pattern: [Sub-clause (verb / adjective in plain form)] + なんて + [main clause expressing surprise]

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
この時期に安く旅行できるなんてラッキーよ。Kono jiki ni yasuku ryokō dekiru nante, rakkī yo.How lucky we can travel cheaply at this time of year!
こんなに急に背が伸びるなんて、びっくりだ。Konna ni kyū ni se ga nobiru nante, bikkuri da.I can’t believe you’ve grown so much taller!
あなたにお会いできるなんて、感激です。Anata ni o-ai dekiru nante, kangeki desu.Meeting you in person is amazing!
太郎が一等だったなんてTarō ga ittō datta nante!I can’t believe Tarō won first place!

The main clause is often something like びっくり (surprise), 感激 (deeply moved), ラッキー (lucky), or 意外 (unexpected). The main clause can even be dropped entirely — ending on なんて still implies the speaker is surprised.

Vocabulary by Topic

Body Parts

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
あたまatamaheadA llama balancing on your head — atama = a-llama on the head頭が痛いです (atama ga itai desu) - I have a headache
お腹おなかonakastomachOh naka!” — grabbing your stomach in pain after bad sushiお腹がすきました (onaka ga sukimashita) - I’m hungry
meeyePoint at your eyes and say ”ME! Look at ME!”目が痛いです (me ga itai desu) - My eye hurts
はなhananoseA flower (hana) growing out of your nose — you smell it鼻が高いです (hana ga takai desu) - (lit. nose is tall) proud
みみmimiearMickey Mouse ears — “Mimi” Mouse’s giant round ears耳が大きいですね (mimi ga ōkii desu ne) - Your ears are big
hatoothHA!” — laughing so wide you show all your teeth歯が痛いです (ha ga itai desu) - I have a toothache
くちkuchimouthGucci lipstick on your mouth — kuchi = Gucci mouth口を開けてください (kuchi o akete kudasai) - Please open your mouth
のどnodothroatA node stuck in your throat — painful lump you can’t swallow喉が痛いです (nodo ga itai desu) - I have a sore throat
tehandHanding someone a cup of tea — te = tea in your hand手を洗います (te o araimasu) - I wash my hands
あしashifoot, legAshes — you walked through hot ashes barefoot, burning your feet足が疲れました (ashi ga tsukaremashita) - My feet are tired
こしkoshilower back, hipKosher back massage — getting a kosher massage on your lower back腰が痛いです (koshi ga itai desu) - My lower back hurts
背中せなかsenakabackA senator with a “kick me” sign on his naked back背中が痛いです (senaka ga itai desu) - My back hurts
うでudearmAn oodle of noodles wrapped around your arm like spaghetti腕が長いです (ude ga nagai desu) - The arms are long

Body shape & physical descriptors (Beginner S2 #34):

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory Tip / NoteExample
太めふとめfutomerather thick, on the plump side太い (futoi, fat) + め (slight degree)太めの体です (futome no karada desu) - A somewhat plump body
やせやせyasethin person, “skinny”Yah-seh” — yawning so much you waste awayやせ気味です (yase-gimi desu) - I tend to be thin
ガッチリガッチリgacchiribig-boned, stocky, well-builtGa-chi-ree” — “got-cherry”-firmly builtガッチリした体格です (gacchiri shita taikaku desu) - A solid build
がりがりがりがりgarigarivery thin, skinny (often pejorative)onomatopoeic — “scratchy bones” soundがりがりに痩せた (garigari ni yaseta) - Got rail-thin
ほっそりしたほっそりしたhossori shitaslim, slenderonomatopoeic — “smoothly slim”ほっそりした人です (hossori shita hito desu) - A slim person
中肉中背ちゅうにくちゅうぜいchū niku chū zeiaverage height and build中 (medium) + 肉 (flesh) + 中 + 背 (height) — “medium flesh, medium height”中肉中背の男性です (chū niku chū zei no dansei desu) - A man of average build
デブデブdebufat person (impolite)De-boo” — rude term, use carefullyデブと言わないで (debu to iwanai de) - Don’t call him fat
好みこのみkonomipreference, “type”Ko-no-mi” — “this is my” type私の好みじゃない (watashi no konomi ja nai) - Not my type

Positional Words

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
うえueabove, on topWhey!” — throwing whey protein powder up above your head机の上に本があります (tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu) - The book is on the desk
したshitabelow, underYou sh*t yourself and it drops below — shita = below椅子の下に猫がいます (isu no shita ni neko ga imasu) - The cat is under the chair
なかnakainside, withinA knacker hiding inside a box — naka = knacker insideかばんの中にあります (kaban no naka ni arimasu) - It’s inside the bag
そとsotooutsideSoto — like a martial arts move that throws someone outside the ring外は寒いです (soto wa samui desu) - It’s cold outside
まえmaefront, beforeMy face — what’s right in front of my face = mae駅の前で会いましょう (eki no mae de aimashō) - Let’s meet in front of the station
後ろうしろushirobehind, backA usher points behind you — “sir, your seat is ushiro (behind)”後ろにいます (ushiro ni imasu) - I’m behind (you)
よこyokobeside, next toYoko Ono standing right beside John Lennonコンビニの横です (konbini no yoko desu) - It’s beside the convenience store
となりtonarinext door, next toTonari no Totoro (My Neighbor Totoro) — tonari = neighbor/next to薬局はコンビニの隣です (yakkyoku wa konbini no tonari desu) - The pharmacy is next to the convenience store
みぎmigirightPicture writing ”ME + G” on your right hand — migi = right右にまがってください (migi ni magatte kudasai) - Please turn right
ひだりhidarileftHe dared to go left when everyone went right — hidari = he dared left左に行きます (hidari ni ikimasu) - I go left
近くちかくchikakunearbyA cheeky squirrel sitting nearby on the bench next to you近くに駅がありますか (chikaku ni eki ga arimasu ka) - Is there a station nearby?
信号しんごうshingōtraffic light, signal信 (shin, sign) + 号 (gō, signal) — “sign signal”信号を右に曲がってください (shingō o migi ni magatte kudasai) - Please turn right at the light
かどkadocorner (street)Ka-do” — a kid hides at the corner次の角を左です (tsugi no kado o hidari desu) - Left at the next corner

Pattern: [X] は [Y] の [position] です = “X is [position] of Y”

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
薬局はコンビニの隣です。Yakkyoku wa konbini no tonari desu.The pharmacy is next to the convenience store.
駅は銀行の前です。Eki wa ginkō no mae desu.The station is in front of the bank.
猫は椅子の下です。Neko wa isu no shita desu.The cat is under the chair.
ホテルは病院の近くです。Hoteru wa byōin no chikaku desu.The hotel is near the hospital.

Countries, Nationalities & Languages

Pattern: Country + 人 (-jin) = person from that country, Country + 語 (-go) = language

CountryKanaRomajiNationality (-jin)Language (-go)
日本にほんNihon日本人 (nihonjin)日本語 (nihongo)
アメリカアメリカAmerikaアメリカ人 (amerikajin)英語 (eigo)
イギリスイギリスIgirisuイギリス人 (igirisujin)英語 (eigo)
カナダカナダKanadaカナダ人 (kanadajin)英語/フランス語
フランスフランスFuransuフランス人 (furansujin)フランス語 (furansugo)
ドイツドイツDoitsuドイツ人 (doitsujin)ドイツ語 (doitsugo)
中国ちゅうごくChūgoku中国人 (chūgokujin)中国語 (chūgokugo)
韓国かんこくKankoku韓国人 (kankokujin)韓国語 (kankokugo)

Note

England is イギリス (Igirisu), from the Portuguese “Inglês.” Don’t confuse with イングランド (Ingurando) which specifically means England (not the UK).

-人 / -語 suffix rule (with exceptions)

  • [Country] + 人 (jin) = nationality (person from there)
  • [Country] + 語 (go) = language

But several countries don’t use their own name for the language — they use the language of their colonizer/dominant influence:

CountryLanguage used
アメリカ / イギリス / カナダ / オーストラリア / ニュージーランド英語 (eigo, English)
メキシコ (Mexico)スペイン語 (Supein-go, Spanish)
ブラジル (Brazil)ポルトガル語 (Porutogaru-go, Portuguese)

Use the country-name + 語 only when that language genuinely originates there (日本語, 中国語, フランス語, ドイツ語, 韓国語, etc.).

Taste Adjectives

All are い-adjectives.

KanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
しょっぱいshoppaisaltyYou bite into a shopping bag of pretzels — overwhelmingly salty醤油はしょっぱいです (shōyu wa shoppai desu) - Soy sauce is salty
甘い (あまい)amaisweetA mango pie — the sweetest dessert you’ve ever tastedこのいちごは甘いです (kono ichigo wa amai desu) - These strawberries are sweet
辛い (からい)karaispicyA karate chop to your tongue — that’s how spicy it burns韓国料理は辛いです (kankoku ryōri wa karai desu) - Korean food is spicy
苦い (にがい)nigaibitterYou take a bite and scream ”NIGA! That’s bitter!” — face puckering upゴーヤは苦いです (gōya wa nigai desu) - Goya is bitter
すっぱいsuppaisourYou sip a lemon and your whole face scrunches — sip-a = sourレモンはすっぱいです (remon wa suppai desu) - Lemons are sour

Colors

Source: Beginner S2 #28. Many color words function as both nouns and adjectives — note which are い-adjectives (can precede a noun directly) and which are nouns (need の to precede a noun).

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishNote
青 / 青いあお / あおいao / aoiblue (also “green” in some contexts)い-adj. In Japan, the green traffic light is called 青. Also implies “youthful.”
黄 / 黄色き / きいろki / kīroyellow黄色 is more common as a noun. Implies fortune (rice harvest).
赤 / 赤いあか / あかいaka / akairedい-adj. Also means “obvious/blatant” in idioms (e.g., 真っ赤な嘘 = blatant lie).
黒 / 黒いくろ / くろいkuro / kuroiblackい-adj. ”Ku-ro” — like “kuro-w” (crow) with black feathers.
白 / 白いしろ / しろいshiro / shiroiwhiteい-adj.
みどりmidorigreenNoun. ”Mi-do-ri” — Midori the green melon liqueur.
むらさきmurasakipurpleNoun. Murasaki Shikibu (author of Tale of Genji).
茶色ちゃいろcha irobrownNoun. 茶 (cha, tea) + 色 (iro, color) — “tea-color.”
金色きんいろkin irogold (color)Noun. 金 (gold) + 色.
銀色ぎんいろgin irosilver (color)Noun. 銀 (silver) + 色.
水色みずいろmizu irolight blueNoun. 水 (water) + 色 — “water color.”
ピンクピンクpinkupinkBorrowed: “pink.”
オレンジオレンジorenjiorangeBorrowed: “orange.”
朱色しゅいろshu irobright/vermilion redNoun. The traditional red of shrine torii gates.
藍色あいいろai iroindigo blueNoun. 藍 (ai, indigo) + 色.

Using colors before nouns

い-adjective colors attach directly: 青いそら (aoi sora) “blue sky”, 赤いりんご (akai ringo) “red apple.” Noun colors need : 緑の葉っぱ (midori no happa) “green leaves”, ピンクのドレス (pinku no doresu) “pink dress.”

Relationships

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory Tip
彼氏かれしkareshiboyfriendYour boyfriend drives a flashy Carrera (Porsche) — kareshi = Carrera-she’s boyfriend
彼女かのじょkanojogirlfriend / sheCanoe Joe — your girlfriend paddling a canoe, her name is Jo
女友達おんなともだちonna tomodachifemale friendonna (woman) + tomodachi (friend) — a woman friend
男友達おとこともだちotoko tomodachimale friendotoko (man) + tomodachi (friend) — a man friend
友達ともだちtomodachifriendYour friend Tom is da cheese — tomodachi = Tom-da-cheese, your buddy
ぼくbokuI (masculine, casual)Boku sounds like book — a boy holding his favorite book saying “I love this”
主人しゅじんshujinone’s husband; master主 (shu, main) + 人 (jin, person) — “main person”
むすめmusumedaughterMoo-soo-may” — “moo, sue may” — your daughter Sue might
家族かぞくkazokufamilyKa-zo-ku” — “kazoo-coo” — family band on kazoos
誰かだれかdarekasomeone, somebody誰 (dare, who) + か (uncertainty) — “some-who”

Pronouns

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishExample
わたしwatashiI, me (neutral)私は学生です (watashi wa gakusei desu) - I am a student
ぼくbokuI, me (masculine, casual)僕は東京から来ました (boku wa Tōkyō kara kimashita) - I came from Tokyo
おれoreI (rough/boastful, masculine)Oh-reh” — chest-thumping “ohREH!”
あなたあなたanatayouあなたはどこから来ましたか (anata wa doko kara kimashita ka) - Where are you from?
あなたのあなたのanata noyour, yoursあなたの名前は何ですか (anata no namae wa nan desu ka) - What’s your name?
お前おまえomaeyou (informal, can be rude)お (so-called polite!) + 前 (front) — actually rough — お前、何してる (omae, nani shite ru) - What are you doing? (to a friend)
私のわたしのwatashi nomy, mine私の傘です (watashi no kasa desu) - It’s my umbrella

Occupations & Roles

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
学生がくせいgakuseistudentA gawky-say student stuttering through their oral exam — gakusei = nervous student私は学生です (watashi wa gakusei desu) - I am a student
大学院生だいがくいんせいdaigakuinseigraduate student大学 (daigaku, university) + 院 (in, institute) + 生 (sei, student) — “big-school institute student”大学院生です (daigakuinsei desu) - I’m a graduate student
留学りゅうがくryūgakustudying abroadA ryū (dragon) studying overseas — ryūgaku = dragon goes abroad to study日本に留学しました (Nihon ni ryūgaku shimashita) - I studied abroad in Japan
社長しゃちょうshachōcompany presidentShah-cho” — a shah (king) is the boss/president of his domainスタイルユーの社長です (Sutairu Yū no shachō desu) - I’m the president of Style You
カウンセラーカウンセラーkaunserācounselorBorrowed from English “counselor”私はカウンセラーです (watashi wa kaunserā desu) - I’m a counselor
ファッションコーディネーターファッションコーディネーターfasshon kōdinētāfashion coordinatorBorrowed: “fashion coordinator”彼女はファッションコーディネーターです (kanojo wa fasshon kōdinētā desu) - She is a fashion coordinator
ヘアスタイリストヘアスタイリストheasutairisutohairdresserBorrowed: “hair stylist”ヘアスタイリストです (heasutairisuto desu) - I’m a hairdresser
デザイナーデザイナーdezainādesignerBorrowed: “designer”有名なデザイナーです (yūmei na dezainā desu) - He’s a famous designer
インターンインターンintāninternBorrowed: “intern”私はインターンです (watashi wa intān desu) - I’m an intern
ウエイトレスウエイトレスueitoresuwaitressBorrowed: “waitress”エミはウエイトレスです (Emi wa ueitoresu desu) - Emi is a waitress
店員てんいんten’inshop assistant, clerk店 (ten, shop) + 員 (in, member) — “shop member”店員さんに聞きます (ten’in-san ni kikimasu) - I’ll ask the clerk
運転手うんてんしゅuntenshudriverA driver going ”un-ten-shoo” as he honks his horn through traffic運転手さん、駅までお願いします (untenshu-san, eki made onegai shimasu) - Driver, to the station please
駅員えきいんeki’instation attendant駅 (eki, station) + 員 (in, member) — “station member”駅員さんに聞きました (eki’in-san ni kikimashita) - I asked the station attendant
看護師かんごしkangoshinurseA nurse with a can (kan) of medicine going (go) she sees you看護師さん、お願いします (kangoshi-san, onegai shimasu) - Nurse, please
通行人つうこうにんtsūkōninpasser-by通行 (tsūkō, passage) + 人 (nin, person) — “passing person”通行人に道を聞きました (tsūkōnin ni michi o kikimashita) - I asked a passer-by for directions
お客さんおきゃくさんo-kyaku-sanguest, customerOh, kyaku-san!” — bowing to the customer who just walked inお客さん、これは100円です (o-kyaku-san, kore wa hyaku-en desu) - Customer, this is 100 yen
お客様おきゃくさまo-kyaku-sama(honored) customer/guest-sama = ultra-polite -san; literally “honorable customer”お客様、何名様ですか (o-kyaku-sama, nan-mei-sama desu ka) - Customer, how many in your party?

Cities & Places

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
東京とうきょうTōkyōTokyo (capital)東 (tō, east) + 京 (kyō, capital) — “Eastern Capital”東京へ行きます (Tōkyō e ikimasu) - I’m going to Tokyo
横浜よこはまYokohamaYokohama横 (yoko, side) + 浜 (hama, beach) — “side beach” port city next to Tokyo横浜駅までお願いします (Yokohama eki made onegai shimasu) - To Yokohama Station, please
銀座ぎんざGinzaGinza shopping district銀 (gin, silver) + 座 (za, seat) — once site of a silver-coin mint銀座で映画をみます (Ginza de eiga o mimasu) - I’ll watch a movie in Ginza
新宿しんじゅくShinjukuShinjuku district新 (shin, new) + 宿 (juku, lodging) — “new lodging” post townこれは新宿へ行きますか (kore wa Shinjuku e ikimasu ka) - Does this go to Shinjuku?
赤坂あかさかAkasakaAkasaka (Tokyo district)赤 (aka, red) + 坂 (saka, slope) — “red slope”出身は東京の赤坂です (shusshin wa Tōkyō no Akasaka desu) - I’m from Akasaka in Tokyo
上海しゃんはいShanhaiShanghaiLike English “Shanghai”上海から来ました (Shanhai kara kimashita) - I came from Shanghai
北京ぺきんPekinBeijingLike English “Peking” (older spelling of Beijing)北京は中国の首都です (Pekin wa Chūgoku no shuto desu) - Beijing is the capital of China
インドインドIndoIndiaBorrowed from English “India/Indo”インド料理が好きです (Indo ryōri ga suki desu) - I like Indian food
イタリアイタリアItariaItalyBorrowed from “Italia”イタリアのナポリから来ました (Itaria no Napori kara kimashita) - I came from Naples, Italy
鳥取とっとりTottoriTottori (prefecture, west Japan)鳥 (tori, bird) + 取 (tori, take) — “bird-take” prefecture鳥取に住んでいます (Tottori ni sunde imasu) - I live in Tottori
名古屋なごやNagoyaNagoya (major city, central Japan)名 (na, name) + 古屋 (koya, old house) — “famous old house”名古屋に行きます (Nagoya ni ikimasu) - I’m going to Nagoya
ロシアロシアRoshiaRussiaBorrowed: “Russia”ロシアから来ました (Roshia kara kimashita) - I came from Russia

Health, Sickness & Hospital

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory Tip
病院びょういんbyōinhospitalBe your in!” — when sick, be your in[side] of a hospital
風邪かぜkazecold (illness)A cold breeze (kaze also = wind) chilled you and gave you a cold
インフルエンザインフルエンザinfuruenzainfluenza, the fluBorrowed from English “influenza”
ねつnetsufever, temperatureNet sweat” — sweating in a fishing net because of high fever
吐き気はきけhakikenausea吐く (haku, to vomit) + 気 (ke, feeling) — “feeling like vomiting”
痛いいたいitaisore, painful (i-adj)Eee-tai!” — yelping when something hurts, like saying “ouch!”
くすりkusurimedicineA kusuri sounds like “cure-three” — three pills to cure you
案内あんないan’naiinformation, guidanceOn-nigh” — a friendly guide is on hand night and day
診察しんさつshinsatsumedical examinationShin-sots” — getting your shins examined for shots/cuts
診察室しんさつしつshinsatsu-shitsuexamining room診察 (shinsatsu, exam) + 室 (shitsu, room)
予約よやくyoyakureservation, appointmentYo, yak!” — phone the doctor to “yak about” (talk about) booking an appointment
保険証ほけんしょうhokenshōinsurance card保険 (hoken, insurance) + 証 (shō, certificate)
処方箋しょほうせんshohōsenprescriptionA show-house-sun — picture a sunny window where the pharmacist hands you a prescription
領収書りょうしゅうしょryōshūshoreceiptRyo-shoe-show” — a receipt for the shoes you just bought
会計かいけいkaikeicheck, billKai-kay” — calling the cashier “Kay” to bring the check
おつりおつりo-tsurichange (money)Oh, three!” — handing back three coins as change
いすいすisuchairAn easel with a chair for the artist — isu = “iso-easel” chair
お大事に。おだいじに。O-daiji ni.Take care of yourself大事 (daiji, important) + に — literally “to important,” i.e. “take it as important [to recover]”
ハクションハクションhakushonachoo! (sneeze sound)Sounds like “ha-choo-shon” — a Japanese sneeze
煙草 / タバコたばこtabakotobacco, cigarettesBorrowed from “tobacco”
薬屋くすりやkusuriyapharmacy, drugstore薬 (kusuri, medicine) + 屋 (ya, shop) — “medicine shop”

Pain pattern: [body part] が痛いです = “My ___ hurts.”

Note: the body part is marked with , not は or を.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
が痛いです。Atama ga itai desu.I have a headache. (lit. “head hurts”)
のどが痛いです。Nodo ga itai desu.I have a sore throat.
お腹が痛いです。Onaka ga itai desu.My stomach hurts.
背中が痛いです。Senaka ga itai desu.My back hurts.
が痛いです。Me ga itai desu.My eye is sore.

Hospital triage phrases:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
診察は何時から何時までですか。Shinsatsu wa nan-ji kara nan-ji made desu ka?What are your consulting hours?
保険証はありますか。Hokenshō wa arimasu ka?Do you have an insurance card?
この病院は初めてですか。Kono byōin wa hajimete desu ka?Is this your first visit to this hospital?
予約があります。Yoyaku ga arimasu.I have an appointment.
熱が38度あります。Netsu ga sanjū-hachi-do arimasu.I have a fever of 38°.
吐き気があります。Hakike ga arimasu.I feel nauseous.
処方箋です。お大事に。Shohōsen desu. O-daiji ni.Here’s your prescription. Take care.

お大事に — only to sick people

お大事に (o-daiji ni, “take care of yourself”) is said specifically to someone who is sick or injured — NOT a general goodbye to healthy people. For healthy people, use お元気で (o-genki de) or じゃまた.

Restaurant, Café & Food (extended)

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory Tip
注文ちゅうもんchūmonorderChew-mon” — chewing on the menu while placing an order
おすすめおすすめo-susumerecommendationOh, sue-sue-may” — the chef sues you if you don’t try his recommendation
セットセットsettoset (meal)Borrowed: “set”
飲み物のみものnomimonodrink, beverage飲み (nomi, drink) + 物 (mono, thing) — “drinking thing”
料理りょうりryōricooking, cuisineRyo-ree” — picture chef Ryo making a recipe
料理店りょうりてんryōri-tenrestaurant料理 (cooking) + 店 (ten, shop) — “cooking shop”
お店おみせo-miseshop, storeOh, mee-say” — pointing at every store saying “look at me!”
店内てんないten’naiin-store / for here店 (ten, shop) + 内 (nai, inside) — “shop inside”
持ち帰りもちかえりmochikaeritakeout, to go持ち (mochi, hold) + 帰り (kaeri, return) — “hold and go home”
サイズサイズsaizusizeBorrowed: “size”
一緒いっしょisshotogetherIssho” sounds like “issue” — sharing the same issue together
一緒にいっしょにissho nitogether (with someone)issho + に particle = “together with”
別々べつべつbetsu-betsuseparatelyBet-su, bet-su” — splitting bets, each pays separately
割り勘わりかんwarikansplitting the cost割り (wari, split) + 勘 (kan, intuition/calculation)
ベジタリアンベジタリアンbejitarianvegetarianBorrowed: “vegetarian”
まめmamebeans, peasMa-may” — your mama always cooks beans
野菜やさいyasaivegetablesYa-sigh” — sighing because you have to eat vegetables again
にくnikumeatA knee-coo — picture cooking a knee of meat (lamb shank)
とり肉とりにくtori-nikuchicken meatとり (tori, bird) + 肉 (niku, meat) — “bird meat”
とりとりtoribird, fowlA toucan (Tori the toucan) flying around
チキンチキンchikinchickenBorrowed: “chicken”
サーモンサーモンsāmonsalmonBorrowed: “salmon”
さかなsakanafishSa-kana” — picture a fish swimming through Sake (rice wine)
エビエビebishrimp, prawnPicture an e-bee with a shrimp tail flying around
ライスライスraisuriceBorrowed: “rice”
パンパンpanbreadFrom Portuguese “pão”
ナンナンnannaan (Indian bread)Borrowed: “naan”
カレーカレーkarēcurryBorrowed: “curry”
クッキークッキーkukkīcookie, biscuitBorrowed: “cookie”
手作りてづくりtezukurihandmade手 (te, hand) + 作り (zukuri, making) — “hand making”
わさびわさびwasabiwasabiSame as English “wasabi”
しょうゆしょうゆshōyusoy sauceShow you” the soy sauce — show you the bottle on the table
ドレッシングドレッシングdoresshingudressingBorrowed: “dressing”
オニオンオニオンoniononionBorrowed: “onion”
セサミセサミsesamisesameBorrowed: “sesame”
お茶おちゃo-cha(green) teaA polite ”oh, cha!” when offered tea — almost always has お- prefix
紅茶こうちゃkōchablack/Western tea紅 (kō, crimson) + 茶 (cha, tea) — “red tea”
コーヒーコーヒーkōhīcoffeeBorrowed: “coffee”
カプチーノカプチーノkapuchīnocappuccinoBorrowed: “cappuccino”
ラッシーラッシーrassīlassi (yogurt drink)Borrowed: “lassi”
ソイミルク / 豆乳ソイミルク / とうにゅうsoi miruku / tōnyūsoy milkBorrowed (soi miruku) OR 豆 (tō, bean) + 乳 (nyū, milk) — “bean milk”
アイスアイスaisuiced (drink)Borrowed: “ice”
ホットホットhottohot (drink)Borrowed: “hot”
ショートショートshōtoshort / small-sizedBorrowed: “short” (Starbucks sizing)
スモールスモールsumōrusmallBorrowed: “small”
お酒おさけo-sakealcohol, sakeSame as English “sake” with polite お- prefix
乾杯かんぱいkanpaicheers, toastKan-pai” — clinking cans to say cheers
〜抜き〜ぬき~nukiwithout ~Nuki” sounds like “nukey” — pull it out, leave it out
なかnakainside, withinAlready in Positional Words; here used in “inside the meal/order” sense
ビールビールbīrubeerBorrowed: “beer”
はこhakoboxA hawk-o sitting on a cardboard box
カレールーカレールーkarē rūcurry rouxBorrowed: “curry roux”
じゃがいもじゃがいもjagaimopotatoJah-ga-imo” — your friend Jaga grows potatoes
にんじんにんじんninjincarrotNin-jin” — a knee-jin (genie) emerging from a carrot
たまねぎたまねぎtamanegionionTa-ma-negi” — your tama-cat fights an onion
かにkanicrabKa-nee” — bonk a crab on the knee
ホタテホタテhotatescallopHo-ta-tay” — “hot tatay” hot scallops on the grill
から揚げからあげkaraagefried chicken (Japanese style)唐揚げ — “Tang-style fry”
生姜焼きしょうがやきshōgayakiginger pork (sautéed)生姜 (shōga, ginger) + 焼き (yaki, grilled)
あんパンあんパンanpanred bean paste bun餡 (an, bean paste) + パン (pan, bread)
白あんパンしろあんパンshiroanpanwhite bean paste bun白 (shiro, white) + あんパン
チョコレートチョコレートchokorētochocolateBorrowed: “chocolate”
食事しょくじshokujimeal食 (shoku, eat) + 事 (ji, matter) — “eating matter”
お気に入りおきにいりoki ni irifavorite気に入る (ki ni iru, take to one’s liking) — noun form
この辺このへんkono henaround hereこの (this) + 辺 (hen, area) — “this area”
いっぱいいっぱいippaifull / a cup of (counter)Ee-pai” — “eep, pie!” — stuffed full of pie
一杯いっぱいippaione cup of, one drink (counter)一 (one) + 杯 (cup) — “one cup”
お代わりおかわりokawarisecond helping, refillお (polite) + 代わり (kawari, replacement) — “another portion”
旅館りょかんryokanJapanese-style inn旅 (ryo, travel) + 館 (kan, hall) — “travel hall”
温泉おんせんonsenhot spring温 (on, warm) + 泉 (sen, spring) — “warm spring”
最高さいこうsaikōsupreme, the best最 (sai, most) + 高 (kō, high) — “highest”
アレルギーアレルギーarerugīallergyBorrowed: “allergy”
食べ放題たべほうだいtabehōdaiall-you-can-eat食べ (tabe, eat) + 放題 (hōdai, unlimited) — “eat as much as you like”
飲み放題のみほうだいnomihōdaiall-you-can-drink飲み (nomi, drink) + 放題 (hōdai, unlimited) — “drink freely”
お任せおまかせo-makasechef’s choice / “I leave it to you”お (polite) + 任せ (makase, entrust) — “I entrust it to you”
あじajitaste, flavorA-ji” — point at the dish and ask “what’s the a-ji-tude?”
水飲み場みずのみばmizu-nomi-bawater fountain, drinking fountain水 (mizu, water) + 飲み (nomi, drink) + 場 (ba, place) — “water-drink-place”
試食ししょくshishokufood sample, tasting試 (shi, try) + 食 (shoku, eat) — “try-eat”
試飲しいんshiindrink sample, tasting試 (shi, try) + 飲 (in, drink) — “try-drink”
材料ざいりょうzairyōingredients (recipe-level)材 (zai, material) + 料 (ryō, stuff) — “raw stuff”
gufilling, ingredients in a dishA ”goo” of ingredients packed inside a rice ball
りょうryōquantity, amountRyo” — your friend Ryo asks for the amount on his plate
大盛りおおもりōmorilarge portion大 (ō, big) + 盛り (mori, serving) — “big serving”
小盛りこもりkomorismall portion小 (ko, small) + 盛り (mori, serving) — “small serving”
半分はんぶんhanbunhalf半 (han, half) + 分 (bun, part) — “half part”
焼き加減やきかげんyakikagendoneness (how it’s cooked)焼き (yaki, grill) + 加減 (kagen, degree) — “grill-degree”
苦手にがてnigateweak at / not a fan of (food or activity)苦 (niga, bitter) + 手 (te, hand) — “bitter hand” — I have a bitter hand for this
食感しょっかんshokkantexture, mouthfeel食 (shoku, eat) + 感 (kan, feeling) — “eating feeling”
ボリュームボリュームboryūmuvolume, hearty portionBorrowed: “volume”
一番人気いちばんにんきichi-ban ninkimost popular (item)一番 (ichi-ban, #1) + 人気 (ninki, popularity)
名物料理めいぶつりょうりmeibutsu ryōrisignature/specialty dish名物 (meibutsu, famous thing) + 料理 (ryōri, cuisine)
注文するちゅうもんするchūmon suruto order (verb)注文 (order) + する (do)

Hobbies, Sports & Entertainment

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory Tip
趣味しゅみshumihobbyShoe-me” your hobby — a shoe collector showing off his collection
旅行りょこうryokōtravel, tripRyo-koh” — your friend Ryo “ko” (going) on a trip
音楽おんがくongakumusic音 (on, sound) + 楽 (gaku, fun/comfort) — “fun sounds”
アールアンドビーアールアンドビーāru ando bīR&BBorrowed: “R and B”
アイポッドアイポッドaipoddoiPodBorrowed: “iPod”
映画えいがeigamovie, filmEye-ga” — your eyes glued to the screen at a movie
ほんhonbookHon!” — slamming a book down with a “hon!” thump
カラオケカラオケkaraokekaraokeSame as English; from 空 (kara, empty) + オーケストラ (orchestra) — “empty orchestra”
パーティーパーティーpātīpartyBorrowed: “party”
バーバーbarBorrowed: “bar”
ホテルホテルhoteruhotelBorrowed: “hotel”
スポーツスポーツsupōtsusportBorrowed: “sports”
サルササルサsarusasalsaBorrowed: “salsa”
ビリーズブートキャンプビリーズブートキャンプBirīzu Būto KyanpuBilly Blanks Boot CampBorrowed: “Billy’s Boot Camp”
スノーボード / スノボスノーボード / スノボsunōbōdo / sunobosnowboardingBorrowed: “snowboard”
スキースキーsukīskiingBorrowed: “ski”
キャンプキャンプkyampucampingBorrowed: “camp”
ラフティングラフティングrafutinguraftingBorrowed: “rafting”
ライフジャケットライフジャケットraifu jakettolife jacketBorrowed: “life jacket”
やまyamamountainYama-ha” — Yamaha makes motorcycles for mountain riding (yama = mountain)
ゆきyukisnowYu-key” — the cold turns the key in the door, snow on the doorstep
むしmushiinsect, bugA mush of squashed bugs — mushi = mushed bug
仕事しごとshigotoworkShe got to” go to work — shigoto = “she’s got to”
まんが喫茶まんがきっさmanga kissacomic café漫画 (manga, comics) + 喫茶 (kissa, café) — “manga café” where you read comics for hours
試合しあいshiaigame, match試 (shi, try) + 合 (ai, meet) — “try-meet” = match
必勝ひっしょうhisshōvictory, certain victory必 (hi, must) + 勝 (shō, win) — “must-win”
野球やきゅうyakyūbaseball野 (ya, field) + 球 (kyū, ball) — “field ball”
拍手はくしゅhakushuapplause拍 (haku, beat) + 手 (te, hand) — “beat hands”
じゃんけんじゃんけんjankenrock-paper-scissorsJan-ken” — “Jan-ken-pon!” — the Japanese chant
バイオリンバイオリンbaiorinviolinBorrowed: “violin”
ギターギターgitāguitarBorrowed: “guitar”
楽器がっきgakkimusical instrument楽 (gaku, music) + 器 (ki, vessel) — “music tool”
弦楽器げんがっきgengakkistringed instrument弦 (gen, string) + 楽器 (gakki)
ベッドベッドbeddobedBorrowed: “bed”
パジャマパジャマpajamapajamasBorrowed: “pajamas”
子守歌こもりうたkomoriutalullaby子守 (komori, babysit) + 歌 (uta, song)
結婚式けっこんしきkekkonshikimarriage ceremony, wedding結婚 (kekkon, marriage) + 式 (shiki, ceremony)
バレンタインデーバレンタインデーBarentain DēValentine’s DayBorrowed: “Valentine’s Day”
着せ替え人形きせかえにんぎょうkisekae ningyōdress-up doll着せ替え (kisekae, change clothes) + 人形 (ningyō, doll)
俳優はいゆうhaiyūactor, actressHigh-yu” — high-rated movie star
水着みずぎmizugiswimsuit, bathing suit水 (mizu, water) + 着 (gi, wear) — “water-wear”
楽しみたのしみtanoshimilooking forward to, enjoymentTa-no-shimi” — your tan shimmers with anticipation
改札口かいさつぐちkaisatsuguchiticket gate, ticket barrier改札 (kaisatsu, ticket-check) + 口 (guchi, gate)
前売り券まえうりけんmaeurikenadvance ticket前売り (maeuri, advance sale) + 券 (ken, ticket)
大人気だいにんきdaininkigreat popularity大 (dai, great) + 人気 (ninki, popularity)
ゲームゲームgēmuvideo gameBorrowed: “game”
テレビゲームテレビゲームterebi gēmuvideo game (TV game)Borrowed: “TV game”
ジムジムjimugym (fitness gym)Borrowed: “gym”
練習れんしゅうrenshūpractice練 (ren, train) + 習 (shū, learn) — “train and learn”

Gym & Fitness

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
トレーニングトレーニングtorēningutraining, workoutBorrowed: “training”毎日トレーニングします (mainichi torēningu shimasu) - I work out every day
運動うんどうundōexercise運 (un, move) + 動 (dō, motion) — “move-motion”運動が大事です (undō ga daiji desu) - Exercise is important
筋トレきんトレkintorestrength training, weight training筋 (kin, muscle) + トレ (short for training)筋トレを始めました (kintore o hajimemashita) - I started weight training
有酸素運動ゆうさんそうんどうyūsanso undōaerobic exercise, cardio有 (have) + 酸素 (oxygen) + 運動 (exercise) — “with-oxygen exercise”有酸素運動は健康にいいです (yūsanso undō wa kenkō ni ii desu) - Cardio is good for your health
ストレッチストレッチsutorecchistretchingBorrowed: “stretch”運動の前にストレッチします (undō no mae ni sutorecchi shimasu) - I stretch before exercising
ヨガヨガyogayogaBorrowed: “yoga”週に二回ヨガをします (shū ni ni-kai yoga o shimasu) - I do yoga twice a week
ピラティスピラティスpiratisuPilatesBorrowed: “Pilates”ピラティスは初めてです (piratisu wa hajimete desu) - It’s my first time doing Pilates
ロッカーロッカーrokkālockerBorrowed: “locker”ロッカーはどこですか (rokkā wa doko desu ka) - Where are the lockers?
ロッカールームロッカールームrokkā rūmulocker roomBorrowed: “locker room”ロッカールームはあちらです (rokkā rūmu wa achira desu) - The locker room is over there
更衣室こういしつkōi-shitsuchanging room更衣 (kōi, change clothes) + 室 (shitsu, room) — “clothes-changing room”更衣室はどこですか (kōi-shitsu wa doko desu ka) - Where’s the changing room?
シャワーシャワーshawāshowerBorrowed: “shower”シャワーを浴びます (shawā o abimasu) - I take a shower
タオルタオルtaorutowelBorrowed: “towel”タオルを貸してください (taoru o kashite kudasai) - Please lend me a towel
マシンマシンmashinmachine (gym equipment)Borrowed: “machine”このマシンの使い方を教えてください (kono mashin no tsukai-kata o oshiete kudasai) - Show me how to use this machine
ダンベルダンベルdanberudumbbellBorrowed: “dumbbell”ダンベルで筋トレします (danberu de kintore shimasu) - I lift with dumbbells
ランニングマシンランニングマシンranningu mashintreadmillBorrowed: “running machine”ランニングマシンで走ります (ranningu mashin de hashirimasu) - I run on the treadmill
エアロバイクエアロバイクearo baikuexercise bikeBorrowed: “aero bike”エアロバイクが好きです (earo baiku ga suki desu) - I like the exercise bike
一日券いちにちけんichi-nichi-kenone-day pass一日 (ichi-nichi, one day) + 券 (ken, ticket)一日券をください (ichi-nichi-ken o kudasai) - One day pass, please
回数券かいすうけんkaisū-kenmulti-use ticket booklet回数 (kaisū, number of times) + 券 (ken, ticket)回数券のほうがお得です (kaisū-ken no hō ga o-toku desu) - The multi-pass is better value
会員かいいんkaiinmember会 (kai, meeting/group) + 員 (in, member)会員カードを持っていますか (kaiin kādo o motte imasu ka) - Do you have a membership card?
入会にゅうかいnyūkaijoining (signing up)入 (nyū, enter) + 会 (kai, group) — “enter the group”入会金が必要です (nyūkai-kin ga hitsuyō desu) - A sign-up fee is required
退会たいかいtaikaileaving / cancelling membership退 (tai, withdraw) + 会 (kai, group) — “withdraw from the group”退会したいです (taikai shitai desu) - I’d like to cancel my membership
体験たいけんtaikentrial, experience session体 (tai, body) + 験 (ken, experience) — “body experience”無料体験できます (muryō taiken dekimasu) - You can do a free trial
初心者しょしんしゃshoshinshabeginner初心 (shoshin, beginner’s mind) + 者 (sha, person)初心者向けクラスです (shoshinsha-muke kurasu desu) - It’s a beginners’ class
無料むりょうmuryōfree of charge無 (mu, nothing) + 料 (ryō, fee) — “no fee”無料です (muryō desu) - It’s free

Transportation

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
タクシータクシーtakushītaxiBorrowed: “taxi”タクシーで帰ります (takushī de kaerimasu) - I’ll go home by taxi
地下鉄ちかてつchikatetsusubway地下 (chika, underground) + 鉄 (tetsu, iron/rail) — “underground rail”地下鉄で行きます (chikatetsu de ikimasu) - I’ll go by subway
電車でんしゃdenshatrain電 (den, electric) + 車 (sha, vehicle) — “electric vehicle”電車で来ますか (densha de kimasu ka) - Are you coming by train?
終電しゅうでんshūdenthe last train終 (shū, end) + 電 (den, electric) — “end train” of the night終電に間に合いません (shūden ni ma ni aimasen) - I won’t make the last train
回送電車かいそうでんしゃkaisō denshaout-of-service train回送 (kaisō, return run) — going back to depot, NOT for passengersこれは回送電車です (kore wa kaisō densha desu) - This is an out-of-service train
車庫しゃこshakogarage, car shed車 (sha, car) + 庫 (ko, storehouse) — “car storage”電車は車庫に帰ります (densha wa shako ni kaerimasu) - The train returns to the depot
えきekistationEh-key” — the key landmark for transit, the station駅まで何分かかりますか (eki made nan-pun kakarimasu ka) - How many minutes to the station?
渋滞じゅうたいjūtaitraffic jamJew-tie” — cars all tied together stuck in a jam今、渋滞ですか (ima, jūtai desu ka) - Is there traffic right now?
空港くうこうkūkōairport空 (kū, sky) + 港 (kō, port) — “sky port”空港まで行きます (kūkō made ikimasu) - I’m going to the airport
パスポートパスポートpasupōtopassportBorrowed: “passport”パスポートがありません (pasupōto ga arimasen) - I don’t have my passport
うちうちuchihome, houseOo-chi” — feeling cozy “ooh!” inside your own homeうちへ帰ります (uchi e kaerimasu) - I’m going home
乗り換えのりかえnorikaetransfer (trains/buses)乗り (nori, ride) + 換え (kae, change) — “ride-change”新宿で乗り換えます (Shinjuku de norikae masu) - I transfer at Shinjuku
各駅停車かくえきていしゃkakueki-teishalocal train (stops at every station)各 (kaku, each) + 駅 (eki, station) + 停車 (teisha, stop) — “stops at each station”各駅停車で行きます (kakueki-teisha de ikimasu) - I’ll take the local
特急とっきゅうtokkyūlimited express train (fastest)特 (toku, special) + 急 (kyū, hurry) — “special hurry”特急で京都まで行きます (tokkyū de Kyōto made ikimasu) - I’ll go to Kyoto by express
急行きゅうこうkyūkōexpress train (faster than local)急 (kyū, hurry) + 行 (kō, go) — “hurry-go”この電車は急行ですか (kono densha wa kyūkō desu ka) - Is this an express?
始発しはつshihatsufirst train (of the day)始 (shi, start) + 発 (hatsu, depart) — “starting departure”始発は何時ですか (shihatsu wa nan-ji desu ka) - What time is the first train?
ホームホームhōmutrain platformBorrowed: shortened “(plat)home”ホームは何番ですか (hōmu wa nan-ban desu ka) - Which platform number?

Weather & Nature

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
天気てんきtenkiweather天 (ten, sky/heaven) + 気 (ki, spirit/feeling) — “sky’s mood”いい天気ですね (ii tenki desu ne) - Nice weather, isn’t it?
あめamerainAh-may!” — running for cover when it starts to rain雨が降ります (ame ga furimasu) - It’s raining
ゆきyukisnowYu-key” — your key froze in the lock from the snow雪がたくさん降りました (yuki ga takusan furimashita) - It snowed a lot
砂漠さばくsabakudesert砂 (sa, sand) + 漠 (baku, vast) — “vast sand”砂漠は乾燥します (sabaku wa kansō shimasu) - The desert is dry
雑草ざっそうzassōweed雑 (zatsu, miscellaneous) + 草 (sō/kusa, grass)雑草が生えます (zassō ga haemasu) - Weeds grow
芝刈りしばかりshibakarilawn mowing芝 (shiba, lawn) + 刈り (kari, cutting)芝刈りをします (shibakari o shimasu) - I mow the lawn
青々あおあおaoaofresh and green (lush)青 (ao, green/blue) doubled = vivid greenness青々とした芝です (aoao to shita shiba desu) - Lush green grass

Communication & Computers

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
コンピューターコンピューターkonpyūtācomputerBorrowed: “computer”コンピューターを使います (konpyūtā o tsukaimasu) - I use a computer
パスワードパスワードpasuwādopasswordBorrowed: “password”パスワードは何ですか (pasuwādo wa nan desu ka) - What’s the password?
会社かいしゃkaishacompany, corporationKai-sha” — sounds like “kaisha-ching!” — companies make cash会社へ行きます (kaisha e ikimasu) - I’m going to the company
電話でんわdenwatelephone電 (den, electric) + 話 (wa, talk) — “electric talk”また電話します (mata denwa shimasu) - I’ll call again
電話番号でんわばんごうdenwa bangōtelephone number電話 (telephone) + 番号 (number)電話番号を教えてください (denwa bangō o oshiete kudasai) - Please tell me your phone number
番号ばんごうbangōnumber, series of digitsBan-go” — like calling out “Bingo!” but with numbers番号は何ですか (bangō wa nan desu ka) - What’s the number?
住所じゅうしょjūshoaddress住 (jū, dwelling) + 所 (sho, place) — “dwelling place”住所を書いてください (jūsho o kaite kudasai) - Please write your address
メールメールmēruemailBorrowed: “mail” (in Japan often means email specifically)メールしますね (mēru shimasu ne) - I’ll email you, okay?
メールアドレスメールアドレスmēru adoresuemail addressBorrowed: “mail address”メールアドレスを教えてください (mēru adoresu o oshiete kudasai) - Please tell me your email
連絡れんらくrenrakucommunication, contactRen-raku” — Ren reaches out to make contact連絡ください (renraku kudasai) - Please contact me
アナウンスアナウンスanaunsuannouncementBorrowed: “announce”駅のアナウンスです (eki no anaunsu desu) - It’s a station announcement
郵便局ゆうびんきょくyūbinkyokupost office郵便 (yūbin, mail) + 局 (kyoku, bureau) — “mail bureau”郵便局は近くにありますか (yūbinkyoku wa chikaku ni arimasu ka) - Is the post office nearby?
切符きっぷkipputicketKeep-poo” — keep your ticket safe in your pocket切符を四枚ください (kippu o yon-mai kudasai) - Four tickets, please
料金りょうきんryōkinfee, charge, fare料 (ryō, fee) + 金 (kin, money) — “fee money”料金はいくらですか (ryōkin wa ikura desu ka) - How much is the fee?
船便ふなびんfunabinsurface mail (by ship)船 (funa, ship) + 便 (bin, mail/transport) — “ship mail”船便でお願いします (funabin de onegai shimasu) - By surface mail, please
航空便こうくうびんkōkūbinair mail航空 (kōkū, aviation) + 便 (bin) — “aviation mail”航空便でいくらですか (kōkūbin de ikura desu ka) - How much by air mail?
小包こづつみkozutsumiparcel, package小 (ko, small) + 包 (tsutsumi, wrapped) — “small package”小包を送ります (kozutsumi o okurimasu) - I send a package
局員きょくいんkyokuinbureau / post-office staff局 (kyoku, bureau) + 員 (in, member)局員に聞きました (kyokuin ni kikimashita) - I asked the staff
半値はんねhannehalf price半 (han, half) + 値 (ne, price)半値で買いました (hanne de kaimashita) - I bought it for half price
用紙ようしyōshiblank form, sheet of paper用 (yō, use) + 紙 (shi, paper)この用紙に書いてください (kono yōshi ni kaite kudasai) - Please write on this form
記入きにゅうkinyūfilling in (a form)記 (ki, write) + 入 (nyū, enter) — “write-enter”用紙に記入してください (yōshi ni kinyū shite kudasai) - Please fill out the form
宛先あてさきatesakidestination, addressee宛 (ate, addressed to) + 先 (saki, ahead)宛先を書いてください (atesaki o kaite kudasai) - Please write the address
留守電るすでんrusudenvoicemail留守 (rusu, absent) + 電 (den, phone) — “absent-phone message”留守電を残します (rusuden o nokoshimasu) - I’ll leave a voicemail
メッセージメッセージmessējimessageBorrowed: “message”メッセージを送ります (messēji o okurimasu) - I send a message
携帯電話けいたいでんわkeitaidenwamobile phone, cell phone携帯 (keitai, portable) + 電話 (denwa, phone)携帯電話を忘れました (keitaidenwa o wasuremashita) - I forgot my cell phone
受信料じゅしんりょうjushinryōlicense/subscription fee受信 (jushin, reception) + 料 (ryō, fee)NHKの受信料です (NHK no jushinryō desu) - It’s the NHK license fee
電源でんげんdengenpower source, power switch電 (den, electric) + 源 (gen, source)電源を切ります (dengen o kirimasu) - I turn off the power

Self-Introduction & Study

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
自己紹介じこしょうかいjiko shōkaiself-introduction自己 (jiko, self) + 紹介 (shōkai, introduction)自己紹介をお願いします (jiko shōkai o onegai shimasu) - Please introduce yourself
出身しゅっしんshusshinperson’s origin (hometown)出 (shutsu, exit/leave) + 身 (shin, body) — “where one came out from”出身は東京です (shusshin wa Tōkyō desu) - I’m from Tokyo
勉強べんきょうbenkyōstudyBen-kyo” — your friend Ben says “yo” to studying every night日本語を勉強します (Nihongo o benkyō shimasu) - I study Japanese
漢字かんじkanjikanji (Chinese characters)漢 (kan, China/Han) + 字 (ji, character) — “Han characters”漢字は難しいです (kanji wa muzukashii desu) - Kanji is difficult
発音はつおんhatsuonpronunciation発 (hatsu, emit) + 音 (on, sound) — “emit sound”発音がいいですね (hatsuon ga ii desu ne) - Your pronunciation is good
日本語にほんごnihongoJapanese language日本 (Nihon) + 語 (go, language) — “Japan-language”日本語を話します (Nihongo o hanashimasu) - I speak Japanese
中国語ちゅうごくごchūgoku-goChinese language中国 (Chūgoku, China) + 語 (go, language)中国語が分かります (chūgoku-go ga wakarimasu) - I understand Chinese
じょうずじょうずjōzugood at (na-adj)Joe-zoo” — Joe is good at handling animals at the zoo日本語がじょうずですね (Nihongo ga jōzu desu ne) - Your Japanese is good!
謙譲語けんじょうごkenjōgohumble language謙譲 (kenjō, humility) + 語 (go, language)謙譲語を使います (kenjōgo o tsukaimasu) - I use humble language
中学校ちゅうがっこうchūgakkōmiddle school, junior high中 (chū, middle) + 学校 (gakkō, school)中学校の友達です (chūgakkō no tomodachi desu) - It’s a friend from middle school
大学生だいがくせいdaigakuseiuniversity student大学 (daigaku, university) + 生 (sei, student)兄は大学生です (ani wa daigakusei desu) - My brother is a university student
小学生しょうがくせいshōgakuseigrade-school student小学 (shōgaku, primary school) + 生 (sei, student)妹は小学生です (imōto wa shōgakusei desu) - My sister is in grade school
必要ひつようhitsuyōnecessary, essential必 (hitsu, must) + 要 (yō, need) — “must-need”携帯電話は必要です (keitaidenwa wa hitsuyō desu) - A cell phone is necessary
失礼しつれいshitsureidiscourtesy, impoliteness; “excuse me”Shi-tsu-rei” — used as a polite “I’m taking my leave”失礼します (shitsurei shimasu) - Excuse me / Pardon
すっからかんすっからかんsukkarakanpenniless, brokeSuk-ka-rah-kan” — sucker shaking an empty can給料日前はすっからかんです (kyūryōbi mae wa sukkarakan desu) - I’m broke before payday
部長ぶちょうbuchōhead of a section, manager部 (bu, section) + 長 (chō, head) — “section head”部長に話します (buchō ni hanashimasu) - I’ll talk to the manager
首相しゅしょうshushōprime minister首 (shu, head) + 相 (shō, minister) — “head minister”日本の首相です (Nihon no shushō desu) - The PM of Japan
大統領だいとうりょうdaitōryōpresident (of a country)大 (dai, great) + 統領 (tōryō, leader) — “great leader”アメリカの大統領です (Amerika no daitōryō desu) - The US president
秘書ひしょhishosecretary秘 (hi, secret) + 書 (sho, write) — “writes secrets”部長の秘書です (buchō no hisho desu) - I’m the manager’s secretary
サラリーマンサラリーマンsararīmansalaryman, businessmanBorrowed: “salary-man”父はサラリーマンです (chichi wa sararīman desu) - My dad is a salaryman
専業主夫せんぎょうしゅふsengyō shufufull-time house-husband専業 (sengyō, full-time work) + 主夫 (shufu, house-husband)専業主夫になります (sengyō shufu ni narimasu) - I’ll become a house-husband
流暢りゅうちょうryūchōfluent (language)Ryu-chō” — like a “ryū” (dragon) speaking smoothly日本語が流暢です (Nihongo ga ryūchō desu) - Your Japanese is fluent
授業じゅぎょうjugyōclass, lesson, lecture授 (ju, teach) + 業 (gyō, work) — “teaching work”授業に出ます (jugyō ni demasu) - I attend class
宿題しゅくだいshukudaihomework宿 (shuku, lodging) + 題 (dai, topic) — “topic taken home”宿題が終わりました (shukudai ga owarimashita) - I finished my homework
図書館としょかんtoshokanlibrary図書 (tosho, books) + 館 (kan, hall) — “book hall”図書館で勉強します (toshokan de benkyō shimasu) - I study at the library
男子校だんしこうdanshikōboys’ school男子 (danshi, boys) + 校 (kō, school)男子校に行きます (danshikō ni ikimasu) - I go to a boys’ school
恋愛れんあいrenailove, romance恋 (ren, love) + 愛 (ai, affection) — “love + affection”恋愛は難しいです (renai wa muzukashii desu) - Love is difficult

Money, Shopping & Misc Possessions

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
えんenyen (Japanese currency)En” sounds like “end” — at the end of every price tag in Japan500円です (go-hyaku en desu) - It’s 500 yen
お金おかねo-kanemoneyOh-kah-nay” — clutching a wad of cash, “oh, the money!”お金がありません (o-kane ga arimasen) - I don’t have money
税込みぜいこみzeikomitax included税 (zei, tax) + 込み (komi, included) — “tax inclusive”税込みですか (zeikomi desu ka) - Is tax included?
一度いちどichidoonce, one time一 (ichi, one) + 度 (do, time/degree) — “one time”もう一度お願いします (mō ichido onegai shimasu) - One more time please
dodegreeDo” — like the temperature dropping a degree熱が38度あります (netsu ga sanjū-hachi-do arimasu) - I have a 38° fever
めいmeicounter for peopleMay” — counting “may I have one mei (person)?”二名です (ni-mei desu) - Two people
ショップショップshoppushop, storeBorrowed: “shop”ショップで買いました (shoppu de kaimashita) - I bought it at a shop
バーニーズニューヨークバーニーズニューヨークBānīzu NyūyōkuBarneys New YorkBorrowed: “Barneys New York”バーニーズニューヨークで買いました (Bānīzu Nyūyōku de kaimashita) - I bought it at Barneys New York
かさkasaumbrellaA kasabian band member holding an umbrella in the rainこの傘はいくらですか (kono kasa wa ikura desu ka) - How much is this umbrella?
財布さいふsaifuwalletSigh-foo” — sighing as you pull out your wallet to pay素敵な財布ですね (suteki na saifu desu ne) - What a lovely wallet!
かみkamihairComb-y” — combing your kami (hair) every morning髪がきれいですね (kami ga kirei desu ne) - Your hair is beautiful
忘れ物わすれものwasuremonosomething forgotten, lost article忘れ (wasure, forgotten) + 物 (mono, thing) — “forgotten thing”忘れ物はありませんか (wasuremono wa arimasen ka) - Have you forgotten anything?
お礼おれいo-reigesture of gratitudeOh-ray!” — beam of gratitude shining out from the giverこれはお礼です (kore wa o-rei desu) - This is a token of gratitude
ティファニーティファニーTifanīTiffany’sBorrowed: “Tiffany”ティファニーのイヤリングです (Tifanī no iyaringu desu) - Tiffany earrings
イヤリングイヤリングiyaringuearringsBorrowed: “earring”きれいなイヤリングですね (kirei na iyaringu desu ne) - What pretty earrings
帽子ぼうしbōshihat, capBoh-shi” — boasts a fancy hat帽子をかぶります (bōshi o kaburimasu) - I wear a hat
靴下くつしたkutsushitasocks靴 (kutsu, shoe) + 下 (shita, under) — “under-shoe”靴下をはきます (kutsushita o hakimasu) - I put on socks
ユニフォームユニフォームyunifōmuuniformBorrowed: “uniform”ユニフォームを着ます (yunifōmu o kimasu) - I wear a uniform
ルックスルックスrukkusulooks (appearance)Borrowed: “looks”ルックスがいいです (rukkusu ga ii desu) - He’s good-looking
売り場うりばuribasales floor, counter売り (uri, sell) + 場 (ba, place) — “selling place”水着売り場はどこですか (mizugi uriba wa doko desu ka) - Where’s the swimsuit section?
受付うけつけuketsukereception, receipt desk受け (uke, receive) + 付け (tsuke, attach)受付で聞いてください (uketsuke de kiite kudasai) - Please ask at reception
入口いりぐちiriguchientrance入り (iri, enter) + 口 (guchi, opening) — “entry opening”入口はあちらです (iriguchi wa achira desu) - The entrance is over there
値段ねだんnedanprice, costNeh-dan” — “neh, dang” — when you see the price tag値段はいくらですか (nedan wa ikura desu ka) - How much is the price?
修理しゅうりshūrirepair, repairing修 (shū, fix) + 理 (ri, manage)修理にどれくらいかかりますか (shūri ni dore kurai kakarimasu ka) - How long for the repair?
部品ぶひんbuhinparts, accessories (machinery)部 (bu, part) + 品 (hin, item) — “part item”部品を取り寄せます (buhin o toriyosemasu) - I’ll order the parts
お買い上げおかいあげokaiagepurchase, buying (polite)お (polite) + 買い上げ (kaiage, purchase)お買い上げありがとうございます (okaiage arigatō gozaimasu) - Thank you for your purchase
合計ごうけいgōkeitotal, sum合 (gō, combine) + 計 (kei, count) — “combined count”合計は3,000円です (gōkei wa san-zen-en desu) - The total is 3,000 yen
追加ついかtsuikaaddition, supplement追 (tsui, follow) + 加 (ka, add) — “follow-add”注文を追加します (chūmon o tsuika shimasu) - I’ll add to my order
ふくろfukurobag, sackFu-ku-ro” — fluffy bag袋に入れてください (fukuro ni irete kudasai) - Please put it in a bag
ほかhokaotherHo-ka” — “ho! ka!” — “what about that other one?”他に何かありますか (hoka ni nani ka arimasu ka) - Is there anything else?
ドルドルdorudollarBorrowed: “dollar”100万ドルの夜景 (hyaku-man doru no yakei) - “million-dollar view”
試着しちゃくshichakutrying on (clothes)試 (shi, try) + 着 (chaku, wear) — “try-wear”試着してもいいですか (shichaku shite mo ii desu ka) - May I try this on?
試着室しちゃくしつshichaku-shitsufitting room試着 (try on) + 室 (shitsu, room)試着室はどこですか (shichaku-shitsu wa doko desu ka) - Where’s the fitting room?
免税めんぜいmenzeitax-free, duty-free免 (men, exempt) + 税 (zei, tax) — “tax-exempt”免税でお願いします (menzei de onegai shimasu) - Tax-free, please
レジレジrejicheckout counter, registerBorrowed: short for “register”レジはどこですか (reji wa doko desu ka) - Where’s the checkout?
ふくfukuclothesFoo-koo” — “fooku” thrown over your shoulder服を買います (fuku o kaimasu) - I’ll buy clothes
シャツシャツshatsushirtBorrowed: “shirt”白いシャツが欲しいです (shiroi shatsu ga hoshii desu) - I want a white shirt
Tシャツティーシャツtī-shatsuT-shirtBorrowed: “T-shirt”このTシャツはいくらですか (kono tī-shatsu wa ikura desu ka) - How much is this T-shirt?
ズボンズボンzubonpants, trousersFrom French “jupon” — ”zoo-bonズボンを試着します (zubon o shichaku shimasu) - I’ll try on the pants
ジーンズジーンズjīnzujeansBorrowed: “jeans”ジーンズがきついです (jīnzu ga kitsui desu) - The jeans are tight
ワンピースワンピースwanpīsudress (one-piece)Borrowed: “one piece”きれいなワンピースですね (kirei na wanpīsu desu ne) - What a pretty dress
スカートスカートsukātoskirtBorrowed: “skirt”長いスカートが好きです (nagai sukāto ga suki desu) - I like long skirts
ジャケットジャケットjakettojacketBorrowed: “jacket”ジャケットを試着できますか (jaketto o shichaku dekimasu ka) - Can I try on the jacket?
コートコートkōtocoatBorrowed: “coat”冬のコートを探しています (fuyu no kōto o sagashite imasu) - I’m looking for a winter coat
セーターセーターsētāsweaterBorrowed: “sweater”このセーターは柔らかいです (kono sētā wa yawarakai desu) - This sweater is soft
水着みずぎmizugiswimsuit水 (mizu, water) + 着 (gi, wear) — “water-wear”水着売り場はどこですか (mizugi uriba wa doko desu ka) - Where’s the swimsuit section?
くつkutsushoesKoo-tsoo” — “coo” at how nice the shoes look新しい靴を買いました (atarashii kutsu o kaimashita) - I bought new shoes
ぴったりぴったりpittariperfect fitPit-tari” — pit-perfect fitサイズがぴったりです (saizu ga pittari desu) - The size is a perfect fit
ちょうどいいちょうどいいchōdo iijust rightちょうど (exactly) + いい (good)ちょうどいいサイズです (chōdo ii saizu desu) - It’s just the right size
きついきついkitsuitight, too snugKit-su-ee” — “kit” pulled too tight on the bodyこのズボンはきついです (kono zubon wa kitsui desu) - These pants are tight
ゆるいゆるいyuruiloose, slackYou-roo-ee” — “you, ruee” the shirt is too looseシャツがゆるいです (shatsu ga yurui desu) - The shirt is loose
がらgarapattern (on fabric)Gah-rah” — “gah, a wild pattern!”花柄が好きです (hana-gara ga suki desu) - I like floral patterns
無地むじmujiplain, solid (no pattern)無 (mu, none) + 地 (ji, ground/base) — “no pattern on the base”無地の白いシャツです (muji no shiroi shatsu desu) - It’s a plain white shirt
素材そざいsozaimaterial, fabric素 (so, raw) + 材 (zai, material) — “raw material”素材は綿です (sozai wa men desu) - The material is cotton
ブランドブランドburandobrandBorrowed: “brand”このブランドが好きです (kono burando ga suki desu) - I like this brand
セールセールsērusaleBorrowed: “sale”今セール中です (ima sēru-chū desu) - It’s on sale now
割引わりびきwaribikidiscount割 (wari, split) + 引 (biki, pull) — “pull off a portion”10%割引です (juppāsento waribiki desu) - It’s 10% off
在庫ざいこzaikostock, inventory在 (zai, exist) + 庫 (ko, storage) — “what exists in storage”在庫はありますか (zaiko wa arimasu ka) - Do you have it in stock?
売り切れうりきれurikiresold out売り (uri, sell) + 切れ (kire, cut/out) — “sold out”売り切れです (urikire desu) - It’s sold out
新作しんさくshinsakunew arrival, new release新 (shin, new) + 作 (saku, made) — “newly made”これは新作です (kore wa shinsaku desu) - This is a new arrival
人気にんきninkipopularity人 (nin, people) + 気 (ki, feeling) — “what people feel about it”人気の商品です (ninki no shōhin desu) - It’s a popular item
限定げんていgenteilimited (edition)限 (gen, limit) + 定 (tei, fix) — “fixed limit”期間限定です (kikan gentei desu) - It’s a limited time offer

Souvenirs & Gift Shopping

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
お土産おみやげo-miyagesouvenir, gift brought back from a tripお (polite) + 土産 (miyage, local product) — what you bring home from travelsお土産を買いたいです (o-miyage o kaitai desu) - I want to buy souvenirs
記念品きねんひんkinenhinkeepsake, memento記念 (kinen, commemoration) + 品 (hin, item)これは旅行の記念品です (kore wa ryokō no kinenhin desu) - This is a keepsake from the trip
名物めいぶつmeibutsulocal specialty (famous product)名 (mei, famous) + 物 (butsu, thing) — “famous thing”この町の名物は何ですか (kono machi no meibutsu wa nan desu ka) - What’s this town’s specialty?
特産品とくさんひんtokusanhinregional specialty product特 (toku, special) + 産 (san, produce) + 品 (hin, item)京都の特産品です (Kyōto no tokusanhin desu) - It’s a Kyoto regional specialty
地域限定ちいきげんていchiiki genteiregional exclusive地域 (chiiki, region) + 限定 (gentei, limited)地域限定のお菓子です (chiiki gentei no okashi desu) - It’s a region-exclusive sweet
限定品げんていひんgenteihinlimited-edition item限定 (limited) + 品 (item)限定品なので早めに買います (genteihin nano de hayame ni kaimasu) - I’ll buy it early since it’s limited
包装ほうそうhōsōwrapping, packaging包 (hō, wrap) + 装 (sō, decorate)包装をお願いします (hōsō o onegai shimasu) - Please wrap it
ラッピングラッピングrappingugift wrapBorrowed: “wrapping”無料でラッピングできます (muryō de rappingu dekimasu) - We can gift-wrap for free
プレゼント用プレゼントようpurezento-yōfor gift useプレゼント (present) + 用 (yō, use)プレゼント用に包んでください (purezento-yō ni tsutsunde kudasai) - Please wrap it as a gift
リボンリボンribonribbonBorrowed: “ribbon”リボンをつけてください (ribon o tsukete kudasai) - Please add a ribbon
のし紙のしがみnoshi-gamitraditional Japanese gift paperのし (traditional ornament) + 紙 (kami, paper)のし紙をつけますか (noshi-gami o tsukemasu ka) - Shall I add noshi paper?
詰め合わせつめあわせtsumeawaseassortment box, gift set詰め (tsume, pack) + 合わせ (awase, combine) — “packed combination”お菓子の詰め合わせを買いました (okashi no tsumeawase o kaimashita) - I bought an assortment of sweets
お菓子おかしokashisweets, snacksお (polite) + 菓子 (kashi, sweets)日本のお菓子は美味しいです (Nihon no okashi wa oishii desu) - Japanese sweets are delicious
工芸品こうげいひんkōgeihinhandicraft, artisan work工芸 (kōgei, craft) + 品 (item)伝統工芸品が好きです (dentō kōgeihin ga suki desu) - I like traditional handicrafts
手ぬぐいてぬぐいtenuguitraditional Japanese hand towel手 (te, hand) + 拭い (nugui, wipe) — “hand-wipe”手ぬぐいはお土産にいいです (tenugui wa o-miyage ni ii desu) - Tenugui are great souvenirs
扇子せんすsensufolding fanSen-su” — fanning yourself in the summer sun扇子を二つください (sensu o futatsu kudasai) - Two folding fans, please
浴衣ゆかたyukatacasual summer kimono浴 (yu, bath) + 衣 (kata, garment) — originally a bathing robe夏祭りで浴衣を着ます (natsu-matsuri de yukata o kimasu) - I wear a yukata at summer festivals
はしhashichopsticksHa-shi” — say “hah!” as you pick up food with shi-ny chopsticks箸のセットをお土産に買いました (hashi no setto o o-miyage ni kaimashita) - I bought a chopstick set as a souvenir

Useful souvenir-shopping phrases:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
これはお土産にいいですか。Kore wa o-miyage ni ii desu ka?Is this good for a souvenir?
プレゼント用に包んでもらえますか。Purezento-yō ni tsutsunde moraemasu ka?Could you wrap it for a gift?
何が人気ですか。Nani ga ninki desu ka?What’s popular?
ここでしか買えませんか。Koko de shika kaemasen ka?Can I only buy this here?

Additional な-Adjectives (Newbie S2/S3 + Beginner S2)

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
ヘルシーヘルシーherushīhealthyBorrowed: “healthy”この料理はヘルシーです (kono ryōri wa herushī desu) - This dish is healthy
大事だいじdaijiimportant, valuable大 (dai, big) + 事 (ji, matter) — “big matter,” important thing大事な人です (daiji na hito desu) - It’s an important person
おしゃれおしゃれosharestylish, smartly dressedOh-shah-ray” — like a shah dressed in royal regalia, stylishおしゃれな人ですね (oshare na hito desu ne) - What a stylish person
無理むりmuriimpossible, unreasonable無 (mu, nothing) + 理 (ri, reason) — “no reason / no way”それは無理です (sore wa muri desu) - That’s impossible
普通ふつうfutsūordinary, usual, normalFoo-tsoo” — “foo, two” of the same ordinary thing普通の日です (futsū no hi desu) - It’s an ordinary day
真剣しんけんshinkenserious, earnest真 (shin, true) + 剣 (ken, sword) — “true sword,” dead serious真剣に勉強します (shinken ni benkyō shimasu) - I study seriously
新鮮しんせんshinsenfresh新 (shin, new) + 鮮 (sen, fresh) — “new and fresh”この魚は新鮮です (kono sakana wa shinsen desu) - This fish is fresh
かわいそうかわいそうkawaisōpoor, pitifulSounds like かわいい (cute) + そう (seems) — “seems sad”かわいそうな猫です (kawaisō na neko desu) - It’s a poor cat
残念ざんねんzannenregrettable, unfortunateZan-nen” — “zen-no!” — meditation interrupted, what a pity残念ですね (zannen desu ne) - That’s a shame
微妙びみょうbimyōsubtle, delicate, questionableBee-myo” — “bee, my-oh” — your reaction is iffy答えは微妙です (kotae wa bimyō desu) - The answer is iffy
しょうがないしょうがないshōganaican’t be helped, no other choiceしよう + が + ない — “no way of doing it” — set phraseしょうがないですね (shōganai desu ne) - It can’t be helped

Additional Verbs (Dictionary Form, Newbie S2/S3 + Beginner S2)

KanjiKanaRomajiGroupEnglishMemory TipExample
申すもうすmōsu1(humble) to be called, to sayMoh-su” — a humble version of “I say”; used in formal intros田中と申します (Tanaka to mōshimasu) - My name is Tanaka
かかるkakaru1to cost, to take (time)Ka-ka-ru” — money goes “ka-ka-ching” — that’s what it costs駅まで10分かかります (eki made juppun kakarimasu) - It takes 10 min to the station
落とすおとすotosu1to drop, to loseOh-to-su” — “Oh, to lose this!” — dropping things財布を落としました (saifu o otoshimashita) - I dropped/lost my wallet
入るはいるhairu1 ⚠️to enter, to go into⚠️ Tricky: ends -iru but is Group 1. ”Hi-roo” — saying “hi” as you enter部屋に入ります (heya ni hairimasu) - I enter the room
違うちがうchigau1to differ, to be differentChi-gau” — “Chigai!” is a common way to say “wrong/different”いいえ、ちがいます (iie, chigaimasu) - No, that’s wrong
溺れるおぼれるoboreru2to drownOh-bore-eru” — a bore so dull you drown in boredomおぼれます (oboremasu) - I’ll drown
遅れるおくれるokureru2to be lateOh, cure-eru” — the cure was late!仕事に遅れます (shigoto ni okuremasu) - I’ll be late for work
緊張するきんちょうするkinchō suru3to feel nervousKin-cho” — your kin choked you up with nerves before a big speechデートで緊張します (dēto de kinchō shimasu) - I get nervous on dates
お預かりするおあずかりするo-azukari suru3(humble) to keep something on someone’s behalfお (humble prefix) + 預ける (azukeru, entrust) — “I humbly hold for you”1万円をお預かりします (ichi-man-en o o-azukari shimasu) - I’ll take 10,000 yen (waiter receives cash)

Additional Time Words (Newbie S2/S3 + Beginner S2)

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
今夜こんやkonyathis evening, tonight今 (kon/ima, now) + 夜 (ya/yoru, night) — “now-night”今夜映画をみませんか (konya eiga o mimasen ka) - Won’t you watch a movie tonight?
土日どにちdonichithe weekend土 (do, Saturday) + 日 (nichi, Sunday) — Sat & Sun together土日は休みです (donichi wa yasumi desu) - I’m off on weekends
平日へいじつheijitsuweekday平 (hei, plain/normal) + 日 (jitsu, day) — “normal day”平日は忙しいです (heijitsu wa isogashii desu) - Weekdays are busy
休みやすみyasumiday off, holiday, closedYasu-me” — “yes, you” can take the day off今日は休みです (kyō wa yasumi desu) - Today is a day off
時間じかんjikantime時 (ji, hour) + 間 (kan, interval) — “hour interval”時間がありません (jikan ga arimasen) - I don’t have time
去年きょねんkyonenlast year去 (kyo, gone) + 年 (nen, year) — “gone year”去年日本へ行きました (kyonen Nihon e ikimashita) - I went to Japan last year
一年間いちねんかんichi-nen kanperiod of one year一 (ichi, 1) + 年 (nen, year) + 間 (kan, span) — “1 year span”一年間勉強しました (ichi-nen kan benkyō shimashita) - I studied for one year
まえmaeago, beforeMy” — what was in front of me, before me四年前、日本に来ました (yo-nen mae, Nihon ni kimashita) - I came to Japan four years ago
初めて / はじめてはじめてhajimetefor the first timeSame root as はじめまして (hajimemashite, “first time meeting”)初めて日本へ行きました (hajimete Nihon e ikimashita) - I went to Japan for the first time
さっきさっきsakkia little while ago, earlierSock-key” — you took your socks off a little while agoさっき食べました (sakki tabemashita) - I ate a little while ago
今度こんどkondonext time, another time今 (kon, now) + 度 (do, time/occasion) — “this time / next time”今度一緒に食べませんか (kondo issho ni tabemasen ka) - Won’t you eat with me next time?
むかしmukashiin the past, old daysMoo-kashi” — picture an ancient cow saying “moo” — old times昔、ここに住んでいました (mukashi, koko ni sunde imashita) - I used to live here
つぎtsuginextTsu-gi” — toggle to the next thing次の電車は何時ですか (tsugi no densha wa nan-ji desu ka) - What time is the next train?
どのくらいどのくらいdono kuraihow long, how muchどの (which) + ぐらい (about/approximately) — “about which?”どのくらいかかりますか (dono kurai kakarimasu ka) - How long does it take?
到着とうちゃくtōchakuarrival到 (tō, arrive) + 着 (chaku, attach) — “arrive and attach”到着は何時ですか (tōchaku wa nan-ji desu ka) - What time is the arrival?
年末ねんまつnenmatsuend of the year年 (nen, year) + 末 (matsu, end) — “year-end”年末は忙しいです (nenmatsu wa isogashii desu) - The year-end is busy
冬休みふゆやすみfuyuyasumiwinter vacation冬 (fuyu, winter) + 休み (yasumi, break)冬休みに何をしますか (fuyuyasumi ni nani o shimasu ka) - What will you do in winter break?
大晦日おおみそかŌmisokaNew Year’s Eve大 (ō, great) + 晦日 (misoka, last day of month) — “the great last day”大晦日に何をしますか (Ōmisoka ni nani o shimasu ka) - What will you do on New Year’s Eve?
先週せんしゅうsenshūlast week先 (sen, previous) + 週 (shū, week)先週日本に行きました (senshū Nihon ni ikimashita) - I went to Japan last week
来週らいしゅうraishūnext week来 (rai, coming) + 週 (shū, week)来週会いましょう (raishū aimashō) - Let’s meet next week
週末しゅうまつshūmatsuweekend週 (shū, week) + 末 (matsu, end) — “week-end”週末は休みです (shūmatsu wa yasumi desu) - I’m off on weekends
暖冬だんとうdantōmild winter暖 (dan, warm) + 冬 (tō, winter) — “warm winter”今年は暖冬です (kotoshi wa dantō desu) - This winter is mild
季節きせつkisetsuseason季 (ki, season) + 節 (setsu, period) — “seasonal period”春は好きな季節です (haru wa suki na kisetsu desu) - Spring is my favorite season
最近さいきんsaikinrecently, latest最 (sai, most) + 近 (kin, near) — “most-near” in time最近忙しいです (saikin isogashii desu) - I’ve been busy lately
久しぶりひさしぶりhisashiburiafter a long time, “long time no see”Hee-sashi-buri” — “he sashi-buried” the friendship; long time no seeお久しぶりです (o-hisashiburi desu) - It’s been a while
一泊二日いっぱくふつかippaku futsukatwo days one night (overnight trip)一泊 (ippaku, 1 overnight) + 二日 (futsuka, 2 days)一泊二日の旅行です (ippaku futsuka no ryokō desu) - It’s a 2-day trip
時期じきjikitime, season, period時 (ji, time) + 期 (ki, period) — “time period”衣替えの時期です (koromogae no jiki desu) - It’s the season to change wardrobe

Additional Adverbs / Connectors

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
とりあえずとりあえずtoriaezufor now, first of allTori-ah-ezu” — for now grab a chicken (tori) and figure out the rest laterとりあえずビールでお願いします (toriaezu bīru de onegai shimasu) - Beer for now, please
さあさあwell, I don’t knowA drawn-out “saaaa…” — the sound of trailing off when unsureさあ、わかりません (sā, wakarimasen) - Well, I don’t know
ゆっくりゆっくりyukkurislowly, leisurelyYu-koo-ree” — picture a slow cuckoo bird taking its sweet timeゆっくりお願いします (yukkuri onegai shimasu) - Slowly, please
もう一度もういちどmō ichi-doonce more, one more timeもう (more, again) + 一度 (ichi-do, one time) — “one more time”もう一度お願いします (mō ichi-do onegai shimasu) - One more time, please
早くはやくhayakuearly, soon, quicklyAdverbial form of 早い (hayai). ”Ha-ya-koo” — hyena moves quickly早く帰りたいです (hayaku kaeritai desu) - I want to go home soon
かなりかなりkanariquite, considerablyKa-na-ri” — like “canary” — quite chirpy and considerableかなり高いです (kanari takai desu) - It’s quite expensive
結構けっこうkekkōvery well, quite; “no thank you”Ke-koh” — “ke! coh-coh!” — quite the rooster結構です (kekkō desu) - That’s fine / No thank you
絶対ぜったいzettaiabsolutely, definitelyZet-tai” — “set, tie!” — absolute commitment, tied down絶対行きます (zettai ikimasu) - I’ll definitely go
全部ぜんぶzenbuall, entire, wholeZen-boo” — “Zen book” covers the whole truth全部ください (zenbu kudasai) - I’ll take them all
それぞれそれぞれsorezoreeach, respectivelySore-zore” — それ (that) doubled — “each that and that”それぞれ違います (sorezore chigaimasu) - Each is different
申し訳ありませんもうしわけありませんmōshiwake arimasenI’m deeply sorry (formal)申し訳 (mōshiwake, excuse) + ありません (none) — “no excuse to offer”申し訳ありません (mōshiwake arimasen) - I deeply apologize
いっそいっそissorather, soonerEe-so” — “EE-so soon” — “rather just now”いっそ全部捨てよう (isso zenbu suteyō) - Let’s just throw it all out instead
やっぱりやっぱりyapparias expected, after allYap-pa-ri” — “yappy parry” — expected the dog to yap, sure enoughやっぱりそうですね (yappari sō desu ne) - As I thought
一生懸命いっしょうけんめいisshōkenmeiwith all one’s might, very hard一生 (isshō, lifetime) + 懸命 (kenmei, desperate) — “life-and-death effort”一生懸命勉強します (isshōkenmei benkyō shimasu) - I study very hard
実はじつはjitsu waas a matter of fact, actually実 (jitsu, truth) + は (topic) — “as for the truth…”実は、結婚したいんです (jitsu wa, kekkon shitai n desu) - Actually, I want to get married
ばっかりばっかりbakkarionly, just (intensified ばかり)Bak-ka-ri” — “back-cary” carrying nothing else, only thisテレビばっかり見ます (terebi bakkari mimasu) - I only watch TV
もうそろそろもうそろそろmō sorosoro“about time,” soonもう (already) + そろそろ (gradually) — “it’s about that time now”もうそろそろ寝ます (mō sorosoro nemasu) - It’s about time to sleep
次から次へとつぎからつぎへとtsugi kara tsugi e toone after another次 (tsugi, next) + から…へと (from…to) — “from next to next”仕事が次から次へと来ます (shigoto ga tsugi kara tsugi e to kimasu) - Work comes one after another
なんかなんかnankasomething like, kinda (often dismissive)Nan-ka” — vague hand-wave at somethingお前なんか嫌いだ (omae nanka kirai da) - I hate someone like you (rude)
でもでもdemobut, however (sentence-starter)Day-mo” — “day, more” — adds a “but, more to come” twist高いです。でも、おいしいです (takai desu. demo, oishii desu) - It’s expensive. But it’s delicious
だからだからdakaraso, thereforeだ (copula) + から (because) — “because of that”疲れました。だから帰ります (tsukaremashita. dakara kaerimasu) - I’m tired. So I’ll head home
それでそれでsoredeand so, with thatそれ (that) + で (with) — “with that being so”雨でした。それで電車が遅れました (ame deshita. sorede densha ga okuremashita) - It rained. And so the train was delayed
それからそれからsorekaraand then, after thatそれ (that) + から (from/after) — “after that”コーヒー、それからケーキをください (kōhī, sorekara kēki o kudasai) - Coffee, and then cake please
もちろんもちろんmochironof courseMo-chi-ron” — “Mochi roll? Of course I want one!”もちろん大丈夫です (mochiron daijōbu desu) - Of course it’s fine
だけどだけどdakedobut, however (casual sentence-starter)だ (copula) + けど (but) — “but…” at the start of a reply行きたい。だけど時間がない (ikitai. dakedo jikan ga nai) - I want to go. But I don’t have time
けどけどkedobut, although (soft sentence-end trail-off)Short form of けれど — trails off politely without finishing the thoughtこれ買いたいんですけど… (kore kaitai n desu kedo…) - I’d like to buy this, but… (waiting for help)
かもしれませんかもしれませんkamoshiremasenmight be, perhapsか (question) + も (also) + 知れません (can’t be known) — “can’t quite be known”雨が降るかもしれません (ame ga furu kamoshiremasen) - It might rain
そしたらそしたらsoshitarathen, in that case (casual)Contraction of そうしたら — “if that’s how it is”そしたら、また明日 (soshitara, mata ashita) - Then, see you tomorrow
なるほどなるほどnaruhodoI see, that makes sense成る (naru, become) + ほど (extent) — “to that extent, it adds up”なるほど、わかりました (naruhodo, wakarimashita) - I see — got it
そうなんですねそうなんですねsō nan desu neoh, I see / so that’s how it isそう (so) + なんです (it’s that) + ね (right) — “ahh, so that’s the case”そうなんですね、知りませんでした (sō nan desu ne, shirimasen deshita) - Oh I see, I didn’t know
めっちゃめっちゃmecchasuper, really (very casual intensifier)Mec-cha” — Kansai-origin slang, now used nationwide for emphasis (more punchy than とても)めっちゃ疲れた (meccha tsukareta) - I’m super tired

Emotions & Feelings

Note: うれしい (happy), 楽しい (fun), 楽しみ (looking forward to), and 大好き (love it) are in their own sections (see い-Adjectives and Hobbies).

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
悲しいかなしいkanashiisadKa-na-shee” — “can-a-see” the tears悲しい映画でした (kanashii eiga deshita) - It was a sad movie
寂しいさびしいsabishiilonelySa-bi-shee” — “sob-ee” alone一人で寂しいです (hitori de sabishii desu) - I’m lonely by myself
恥ずかしいはずかしいhazukashiiembarrassed, shyHas-ka-shee” — “has cash? Nope” — caught short, embarrassed恥ずかしいです (hazukashii desu) - That’s embarrassing
怖いこわいkowaiscary, afraidKo-wai” — “co-why!?” — yelling “why!?” when scaredこのゲームは怖いです (kono gēmu wa kowai desu) - This game is scary
怒るおこるokoruto get angryOh-ko-roo” — “oh, kah-rumph!” — fuming母が怒っています (haha ga okotte imasu) - My mom is angry
びっくりするびっくりするbikkuri suruto be surprised, startledBi-kku-ri” — onomatopoeia for sudden shockびっくりしました (bikkuri shimashita) - I was startled
緊張するきんちょうするkinchō suruto be nervous, tense緊 (kin, tight) + 張 (chō, stretch) — “tight stretch” of nerves面接で緊張しました (mensetsu de kinchō shimashita) - I got nervous at the interview
退屈たいくつtaikutsubored, boring (な-adj)Tai-ku-tsu” — “tie-cool-zoo” — even the zoo is too dull to watch退屈な映画でした (taikutsu na eiga deshita) - It was a boring movie
ワクワクワクワクwakuwakuexcited, pumped (heart-fluttering anticipation)Onomatopoeia for excitement — “wak-wak” of an eager heart旅行が楽しみでワクワクします (ryokō ga tanoshimi de wakuwaku shimasu) - I’m excited about the trip
ドキドキドキドキdokidokiheart-pounding (nervous OR excited)Onomatopoeia for a racing heartbeat — “doki-doki-doki”告白するときドキドキしました (kokuhaku suru toki dokidoki shimashita) - My heart pounded when I confessed
くたくたくたくたkuta-kutaexhausted, worn-outOnomatopoeia for being utterly drained — “kuta…kuta…” can barely move仕事でくたくたです (shigoto de kuta-kuta desu) - I’m wiped out from work
テンションテンションtenshonmood / hype / emotional energyBorrowed “tension” — in Japanese it means “energy/mood,” NOT stressテンション上がる!(tenshon agaru!) - I’m pumped!

Cultural Notes

Common Mistakes Foreigners Make

  1. Using -さん (-san) for yourself - Never say 私はスティーブンさんです (watashi wa Sutiibun-san desu). Drop the さん (-san) when referring to yourself.
  2. Politeness levels - Using casual speech with strangers or elders is rude. Default to です/ます (desu/masu) form.
  3. Long vowels - おばさん (obasan, aunt) vs おばあさん (obaasan, grandmother) - vowel length changes meaning entirely!
  4. は (wa) vs が (ga) - Both can mark subjects, but は (wa) marks the topic (old info) while が (ga) marks the subject (new info). At beginner level, は (wa) is used far more often.

About Japan (Quick Notes)

  • Japan consists of 4 main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu
  • Population ~126 million, capital is Tokyo
  • Food culture: sushi, ramen, tempura, rice is a staple with every meal
  • Seasons are important: cherry blossoms (春/haru/spring), festivals in summer, autumn leaves (紅葉/kōyō)
  • Major holidays: New Year (正月/shōgatsu) is the biggest, Golden Week in May, Obon in August
  • Pop culture: anime, manga, J-pop, karaoke are significant cultural exports
  • Politeness is deeply embedded in the language and culture - there are multiple levels of formality