Japanese

Personal notes consolidated from JapanesePod101 Introduction Level 1 and Absolute Beginner Level 2 Vol 1, plus extra vocab. Grouped by concept instead of lesson order.

Resources:

Alphabets:

Writing System

Japanese uses four writing systems simultaneously:

SystemWhat it isWhen it’s usedExample
ひらがな HiraganaPhonetic, 46 charactersNative Japanese words, grammar particles, verb endingsたべたす (tabemasu)
カタカナ KatakanaPhonetic, 46 charactersForeign/borrowed words, emphasis, onomatopoeiaアメリカ (Amerika)
挢字 KanjiChinese charactersContent words - nouns, verb/adjective stems食べたす (tabemasu)
RomajiLatin alphabetTransliteration for learners, signstabemasu

Hiragana and Katakana each represent the same set of sounds - they’re two alphabets for the same phonetics. Kanji characters carry meaning and can have multiple readings. In practice, a typical Japanese sentence mixes all three scripts (hiragana, katakana, kanji).

Pronunciation

The 46 Basic Hiragana Sounds

5 vowels form the foundation. Every Japanese syllable ends in a vowel (except ん/n).

aiueo
vowelあ aい iう uえ eお o
kか kaき kiく kuけ keこ ko
sさ saし shiす suせ seそ so
tた taち chi぀ tsuお teず to
nな naに niぬ nuね neの no
hは haひ hiふ fuぞ heほ ho
mた maみ miむ muめ meも mo
yや yaゆ yuよ yo
rら raり riる ruれ reろ ro
wわ waを wo
ん n

Pronunciation Tips

  • The Japanese r sounds like a light “d” - a single tap of the tongue on the roof of the mouth
  • ふ (fu) is between English “f” and “h” - blow air through both lips, not teeth on lip
  • Vowels う (u) and い (i) are sometimes devoiced (whispered/silent) between voiceless consonants. E.g. すき (suki) sounds closer to “ski”, です (desu) sounds closer to “des”
  • し is “shi” not “si”, ち is “chi” not “ti”, ぀ is “tsu” not “tu”

Particle Pronunciation Exceptions

Important!

When は is used as a particle (topic marker), it is pronounced wa, not “ha.” When ぞ is used as a particle (direction marker), it is pronounced e, not “he.”

  • 私は日本人です。→ Watashi wa nihonjin desu. (NOT “ha”)
  • 東京ぞ行きたす。→ Tōkyō e ikimasu. (NOT “he”)

Voiced Sounds (Dakuten 濁点)

Adding ゛(tenten/dakuten) or ゜(maru/handakuten) to base characters creates 23 additional sounds:

Base →Voiced (゛)Base →Voiced (゜)
か ka →が gaは ha →ば ba
き ki →ぎ giひ hi →び bi
く ku →ぐ guふ fu →ぶ bu
け ke →げ geぞ he →べ be
こ ko →ご goほ ho →が bo
さ sa →ざ zaは ha →ぱ pa (゜)
し shi →じ jiひ hi →ぎ pi (゜)
す su →ず zuふ fu →ぷ pu (゜)
せ se →ぜ zeぞ he →ぺ pe (゜)
そ so →ぞ zoほ ho →ぜ po (゜)
た ta →だ da
ち chi →ぢ ji
぀ tsu →づ zu
お te →で de
ず to →ど do

Combination Sounds (Yōon 拗音)

Add a small や (ya), ゆ (yu), or よ (yo) after characters in the i-column to create 33 combination sounds:

yayuyo
kきゃ kyaきゅ kyuきょ kyo
sしゃ shaしゅ shuしょ sho
tちゃ chaちゅ chuちょ cho
nにゃ nyaにゅ nyuにょ nyo
hひゃ hyaひゅ hyuひょ hyo
mみゃ myaみゅ myuみょ myo
rりゃ ryaりゅ ryuりょ ryo
gぎゃ gyaぎゅ gyuぎょ gyo
jじゃ jaじゅ juじょ jo
bびゃ byaびゅ byuびょ byo
pぎゃ pyaぎゅ pyuぎょ pyo

New Katakana-Only Sounds

These only exist in katakana, used for foreign words:

KanaRomajiExample
ファ フィ フェ フォfa fi fe foファッション (fashion)
ノァ ノィ ノ ノェ ノォva vi vu ve voノァむオリン (violin)
ティ トゥti tuパヌティヌ (party)
ディ ドゥdi duディスコ (disco)

Double Consonants (Sokuon 促音)

A small っ (tsu) before a consonant doubles it, creating a brief pause. This changes meaning!

WordRomajiMeaning
きおkitecome
きっおkittestamp
かこkakopast
かっこkakkoparentheses
いたitawas
いったittawent/said
もずmotoorigin
もっずmottomore
おずotosound
おっずottohusband

Long Vowels vs Short Vowels

Vowel length changes meaning. Long vowels are held for roughly twice the duration.

ShortMeaningLongMeaning
おばさん obasanauntおばあさん obaasangrandmother
おじさん ojisanuncleおじいさん ojiisangrandfather
ここ kokohereこうこう kookoohigh school
え epictureええ eeyes
ゆき yukisnowゆうき yuukicourage

In hiragana, long vowels are written by adding the vowel:

  • aa → あ+あ, ii → い+い, uu → う+う, ee → え+い (usually), oo → お+う (usually)

In katakana, long vowels use ヌ (a dash): ラヌメン (rāmen), コヌヒヌ (kōhÄ«)

Sentence Structure

Japanese Word Order: SOV

Japanese follows Subject-Object-Verb order, unlike English (SVO). The verb always comes at the end of the sentence.

  • English: I eat sushi. (SVO)
  • Japanese: 私は 寿叞を 食べたす。/ Watashi wa sushi o tabemasu. (SOV)

The Copula です (desu)

です (desu) is equivalent to English “am/is/are.” It comes at the end of the sentence.

Basic pattern: [Topic] は (wa) [complement] です (desu)。

PatternJapaneseRomajiEnglish
Affirmative私はスティヌブンです。Watashi wa Sutiibun desu.I am Steven.
Negative私は先生じゃないです。Watashi wa sensei ja nai desu.I am not a teacher.
Question東さんですか。Higashi-san desu ka?Are you Mr. Higashi?

Negation of です has two forms:

  • Casual: じゃない (ja nai) or じゃないです (ja nai desu)
  • Formal: ではありたせん (de wa arimasen)

Topic Omission

When the subject/topic is already clear from context, it can be dropped. This is very common in Japanese. Instead of 私は映画をみたす (Watashi wa eiga o mimasu), you can just say 映画をみたす (Eiga o mimasu) - “I’ll watch a movie.”

Two Tenses

Japanese only has two tenses: Past and Non-Past (present/future).

  • Non-past: です (desu), -たす (-masu)
  • Past: でした (deshita), -たした (-mashita)

Particles

Particles are small words placed after nouns/phrases that indicate their grammatical role. They are the backbone of Japanese grammar.

は (wa) - Topic Marker

Marks the topic of the sentence - “As for [topic]
”

Written with the hiragana は (ha) but pronounced “wa” when used as a particle.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
私は孊生です。Watashi wa gakusei desu.I am a student.
今日は土曜日です。Kyō wa doyōbi desu.Today is Saturday.
パヌティヌは明日です。PātÄ« wa ashita desu.The party is tomorrow.

か (ka) - Question Marker

Added to the end of a sentence to make it a question. No need to change word order (unlike English).

StatementQuestion
孊生です。(Gakusei desu.) - Is a student.孊生ですか。(Gakusei desu ka?) - Is (he/she) a student?
今日は土曜日です。(Kyō wa doyōbi desu.)今日は土曜日ですか。(Kyō wa doyōbi desu ka?)
暇です。(Hima desu.) - Am free.暇ですか。(Hima desu ka?) - Are you free?

Answers:

  • Yes → はい (hai)
  • No → いいえ (iie)

の (no) - Possession / Attribution / Origin

Connects two nouns. Works like English “‘s” or “of.”

UsageJapaneseRomajiEnglish
Possession私のかさWatashi no kasaMy umbrella
Attribution日本の車Nihon no kurumaJapanese car / car of Japan
OriginどこのDoko no?Where is it from?
Affiliationスタむルナヌの東ですSutairuyÅ« no Higashi desuI’m Higashi from Style You

も (mo) - Also / Too

Replaces は (wa) to mean “also” or “too.”

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
私も孊生です。Watashi mo gakusei desu.I am also a student.
これもおいしいです。Kore mo oishii desu.This is delicious too.
冬果さんも来たすか。Fuyuka-san mo kimasu ka?Is Fuyuka coming too?

ず (to) - And / With

Has two uses:

1. “And” (listing nouns):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
寿叞ず倩ぷらSushi to tenpuraSushi and tempura
コヌヒヌずケヌキKōhÄ« to kēkiCoffee and cake

2. “With/together” (doing something with someone):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
東さんず映画をみたす。Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu.I’ll watch a movie with Mr. Higashi.
ファブリツィオずサルサをしたす。Faburitsio to sarusa o shimasu.I’ll do salsa with Fabrizio.

を (o) - Object Marker

Marks the direct object of a verb (the thing being acted upon). Used with transitive verbs.

When を (o) is used as a particle, it is always written with を in hiragana (not お).

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
音楜をききたす。Ongaku o kikimasu.I listen to music.
映画をみたす。Eiga o mimasu.I watch a movie.
コヌヒヌをのみたす。KōhÄ« o nomimasu.I drink coffee.
䌚瀟を䌑みたす。Kaisha o yasumimasu.I take a day off from work.

に (ni) - Time / Direction

Two main uses:

1. Specific time (“at/on/in”): Placed after specific time expressions (3時/san-ji, 金曜日/kinyōbi, 1月15日/ichigatsu jÅ«go-nichi). But NOT used with relative time (今日/kyō, 明日/ashita, い぀/itsu).

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
3時にsan-ji niat 3:00
金曜日にkinyōbi nion Friday
1月15日にichigatsu jūgo-nichi nion January 15th

Do NOT use に with:

  • 今日 (kyō) - today
  • 明日 (ashita) - tomorrow
  • い぀ (itsu) - when

2. Direction (interchangeable with ぞ):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
うちに垰りたす。Uchi ni kaerimasu.I’m going home.

ぞ (e) - Direction

Marks the direction or destination of movement. Pronounced “e”, not “he.”

Interchangeable with に (ni) for direction.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
うちぞ垰りたす。Uchi e kaerimasu.I’m going home.
新宿ぞ行きたすか。Shinjuku e ikimasu ka?Does this go to Shinjuku?
東京ぞ来たす。Tōkyō e kimasu.(Someone) is coming to Tokyo.

で (de) - Location of Action / Means

Two main uses:

1. Location where an action takes place (“at/in”):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
銀座で映画をみたす。Ginza de eiga o mimasu.I’ll watch a movie in Ginza.
うちでビリヌズブヌトキャンプをしたす。Uchi de BirÄ«zu BÅ«to Kyanpu o shimasu.I’ll do Billy’s Boot Camp at home.

2. Means / transportation (“by/with”):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
タクシヌで垰りたす。TakushÄ« de kaerimasu.I’ll go home by taxi.
地䞋鉄で行きたす。Chikatetsu de ikimasu.I’ll go by subway.
電車で来たすか。Densha de kimasu ka?Are you coming by train?

ね (ne) - Tag Question

Sentence-final particle, like “isn’t it?” or “right?” Seeks agreement or confirmation.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
サルサはずおも楜しいですね。Sarusa wa totemo tanoshii desu ne.Salsa is really fun, isn’t it?
いいですね。Ii desu ne.That’s nice, right?

よ (yo) - Emphasis / Assertion

Sentence-final particle that emphasizes the speaker’s assertion. “I’m telling you
” / “You know
”

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
パヌティヌは明日ですよ。PātÄ« wa ashita desu yo.The party is tomorrow, I’m certain.
おいしいですよ。Oishii desu yo.It’s delicious, you know!

から (kara) - From

Marks a starting point in time or place.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
9時からです。Ku-ji kara desu.It’s from 9 o’clock.
ここから駅たで䜕分ですか。Koko kara eki made nan-pun desu ka?How many minutes from here to the station?
今からIma kara?From now?

たで (made) - To / Until

Marks an ending point in time or place.

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
5時たでです。Go-ji made desu.It’s until 5 o’clock.
東京たでTōkyō madeTo Tokyo

から (kara) and たで (made) are often used together:

  • 9時から5時たでです。/ Ku-ji kara go-ji made desu. / It’s from 9 to 5.

だけ (dake) - Only

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ちょっずだけChotto dakeJust a little / only a bit

が (ga) - Subject Marker

Marks the subject of a sentence. While は (wa) marks the topic (known/background info), が (ga) marks the subject (new/focused info).

At beginner level, が (ga) is most important with these specific verbs and adjectives:

1. With 奜き (suki) / 嫌い (kirai) — likes and dislikes:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
私は音楜が奜きです。Watashi wa ongaku ga suki desu.I like music.
私はサッカヌが倧奜きです。Watashi wa sakkā ga daisuki desu.I love soccer.
私は玍豆が嫌いです。Watashi wa nattō ga kirai desu.I dislike natto.
私は虫が倧嫌いです。Watashi wa mushi ga daikirai desu.I hate bugs.

The full like/dislike scale:

JapaneseRomajiMeaning
倧奜きdaisukilove / really like
奜きsukilike
嫌いkiraidislike
倧嫌いdaikiraihate / really dislike

Sentence Pattern

[Topic] は [thing] が 奜き/嫌い です。 The thing you like/dislike is marked with が, not を.

2. With わかりたす (wakarimasu) — understanding:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
日本語がわかりたす。Nihongo ga wakarimasu.I understand Japanese.
英語がわかりたすか。Eigo ga wakarimasu ka?Do you understand English?

3. With ありたす (arimasu) / いたす (imasu) — existence:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
パスポヌトがありたせん。Pasupōto ga arimasen.I don’t have my passport.

4. Preference questions with どちら (dochira):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
コヌヒヌず玅茶ずどちらがいいですか。KōhÄ« to kōcha to dochira ga ii desu ka?Which do you prefer, coffee or tea?
コヌヒヌがいいです。KōhÄ« ga ii desu.Coffee, please. / I prefer coffee.

Demonstratives

Pronouns: これ / それ / あれ (kore / sore / are)

Used to point at things. The choice depends on distance from speaker and listener.

JapaneseRomajiMeaningDistance
これkorethis (one)Near the speaker
それsorethat (one)Near the listener
あれarethat (one) over thereFar from both
  • これはペンです。/ Kore wa pen desu. / This is a pen.
  • それは䜕ですか。/ Sore wa nan desu ka? / What is that?
  • あれは東京タワヌです。/ Are wa Tōkyō Tawā desu. / That over there is Tokyo Tower.

Adjective Form: この / その / あの (kono / sono / ano)

These go directly before a noun (unlike kore/sore/are which stand alone).

JapaneseRomajiMeaning
このかさkono kasathis umbrella
そのかさsono kasathat umbrella (near you)
あのかさano kasathat umbrella (over there)

Comparing the two forms

  • これはいくらですか。/ Kore wa ikura desu ka? / How much is this? (pointing, standalone)
  • この財垃はいくらですか。/ Kono saifu wa ikura desu ka? / How much is this wallet? (before noun)

Negation with Demonstratives

To say something is NOT something:

  • Casual: じゃない (ja nai)
  • Formal: ではありたせん (de wa arimasen)
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
これはペンじゃないです。Kore wa pen ja nai desu.This is not a pen.
それは私のではありたせん。Sore wa watashi no de wa arimasen.That is not mine. (formal)

Question: どんな (donna) - What kind of?

Used before a noun to ask “what kind of.”

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
どんな音楜をききたすか。Donna ongaku o kikimasu ka?What kind of music do you listen to?
どんな人ですか。Donna hito desu ka?What kind of person is he/she?

Numbers & Counting

Basic Numbers (0-10)

NumberKanjiHiraganaRomaji
0零れロ / れいzero / rei
1䞀いちichi
2二にni
3䞉さんsan
4四よん / しyon / shi
5五ごgo
6六ろくroku
7䞃なな / しちnana / shichi
8八はちhachi
9九きゅう / くkyū / ku
10十じゅうjū

Note

4 and 7 have two readings each. よん (yon) and なな (nana) are generally preferred in counting because し (shi) sounds like 死 (shi, “death”) and しち (shichi) can be confused with いち (ichi).

Tens

NumberKanjiHiraganaRomaji
10十じゅうjū
20二十にじゅうnijū
30䞉十さんじゅうsanjÅ«
40四十よんじゅうyonjū
50五十ごじゅうgojū
60六十ろくじゅうrokujū
70䞃十ななじゅうnanajÅ«
80八十はちじゅうhachijū
90九十きゅうじゅうkyūjū

Combine: 25 = にじゅうご (nijū go), 63 = ろくじゅうさん (rokujū san)

Hundreds

NumberKanjiRomajiNotes
100癟hyaku
200二癟ni-hyaku
300䞉癟san-byakuIrregular!
400四癟yon-hyaku
500五癟go-hyaku
600六癟roppyakuIrregular!
700䞃癟nana-hyaku
800八癟happyakuIrregular!
900九癟kyÅ«-hyaku

Thousands and Beyond

NumberKanjiRomaji
1,000千sen
3,000䞉千san-zen (irregular)
8,000八千hassen (irregular)
10,000侀侇ichi-man
100,000十䞇jÅ«-man

Phone Numbers

Phone numbers are read digit by digit with の (no) between groups: 03-1234-5678 → れロさん の いちにさんよん の ごろくななはち (zero san no ichi ni san yon no go roku nana hachi)

Money / Prices

The currency is 円 (えん / en / yen).

  • 500円 → ごひゃくえん (go-hyaku en) → 500 yen
  • いくらですか。/ Ikura desu ka? / How much is it?
  • 皎蟌み (ぜいこみ / zeikomi) → tax included

Time & Dates

Telling Time (Hours)

䜕時ですか。/ Nan-ji desu ka? / What time is it?

HourKanjiHiraganaRomajiNotes
1:00䞀時いちじichi-ji
2:00二時にじni-ji
3:00䞉時さんじsan-ji
4:00四時よじyo-jiNOT shi-ji!
5:00五時ごじgo-ji
6:00六時ろくじroku-ji
7:00䞃時しちじshichi-ji
8:00八時はちじhachi-ji
9:00九時くじku-jiNOT kyū-ji!
10:00十時じゅうじjū-ji
11:00十䞀時じゅういちじjÅ«ichi-ji
12:00十二時じゅうにじjūni-ji

Half past: Add 半 (はん / han)

  • 3:30 → 䞉時半 / san-ji han

AM/PM: 午前 (ごぜん / gozen) = AM, 午埌 (ごご / gogo) = PM

Word Order

In Japanese, AM/PM comes before the time (opposite of English):

  • ○ 午埌1時です。/ Gogo ichi-ji desu. / It’s 1:00 PM.
  • × 1時午埌です。(Wrong!)

Minutes

MinuteHiraganaRomajiNotes
1分いっぷんippunIrregular
2分にふんni-fun
3分さんぷんsanpunIrregular
4分よんぷんyonpunIrregular
5分ごふんgo-fun
6分ろっぷんroppunIrregular
7分ななふんnana-fun
8分はっぷんhappunIrregular
9分きゅうふんkyū-fun
10分じゅっぷんjuppunIrregular

ぐらい (gurai) = approximately

  • 10分ぐらいです。/ Juppun gurai desu. / It’s about 10 minutes.

Duration (Hours)

DurationHiraganaRomaji
1時間いちじかんichi-jikan
2時間にじかんni-jikan
3時間さんじかんsan-jikan
4時間よじかんyo-jikan
5時間ごじかんgo-jikan

䜕分 (なんぷん / nan-pun) = how many minutes? 䜕時間 (なんじかん / nan-jikan) = how many hours?

Pattern: ここから たで䜕分ですか。/ Koko kara 
 made nan-pun desu ka? / How many minutes from here to 
?

Days of the Week

䜕曜日ですか。/ Nan-yōbi desu ka? / What day of the week is it?

KanjiHiraganaRomajiEnglishExample
月曜日げ぀ようびgetsuyōbiMonday月曜日に仕事をしたす (getsuyōbi ni shigoto o shimasu) - I work on Monday
火曜日かようびkayōbiTuesday火曜日にテニスをしたす (kayōbi ni tenisu o shimasu) - I play tennis on Tuesday
氎曜日すいようびsuiyōbiWednesday氎曜日は暇です (suiyōbi wa hima desu) - I’m free on Wednesday
朚曜日もくようびmokuyōbiThursday朚曜日に映画をみたす (mokuyōbi ni eiga o mimasu) - I watch a movie on Thursday
金曜日きんようびkinyōbiFriday金曜日にパヌティヌをしたす (kinyōbi ni pātÄ« o shimasu) - We have a party on Friday
土曜日どようびdoyōbiSaturday土曜日にショッピングをしたす (doyōbi ni shoppingu o shimasu) - I go shopping on Saturday
日曜日にちようびnichiyōbiSunday日曜日はやすみたす (nichiyōbi wa yasumimasu) - I rest on Sunday

Months

䜕月ですか。/ Nan-gatsu desu ka? / What month is it?

MonthKanjiHiraganaRomaji
1䞀月いちが぀ichi-gatsu
2二月にが぀ni-gatsu
3䞉月さんが぀san-gatsu
4四月しが぀shi-gatsu
5五月ごが぀go-gatsu
6六月ろくが぀roku-gatsu
7䞃月しちが぀shichi-gatsu
8八月はちが぀hachi-gatsu
9九月くが぀ku-gatsu
10十月じゅうが぀jÅ«-gatsu
11十䞀月じゅういちが぀jÅ«ichi-gatsu
12十二月じゅうにが぀jÅ«ni-gatsu

Days of the Month

䜕日ですか。/ Nan-nichi desu ka? / What’s the date?

The first 10 days and the 20th have special readings (not just number + nichi):

DayKanjiHiraganaRomaji
1䞀日぀いたちtsuitachi
2二日ふ぀かfutsuka
3䞉日みっかmikka
4四日よっかyokka
5五日い぀かitsuka
6六日むいかmuika
7䞃日なのかnanoka
8八日ようかyōka
9九日ここのかkokonoka
10十日ずおかtōka
14十四日じゅうよっかjūyokka
20二十日は぀かhatsuka
24二十四日にじゅうよっかnijūyokka

Days 11-13, 15-19, 21-23, 25-31 follow the regular pattern: number + にち (nichi). E.g. 11日 (jūichi-nichi), 25日 (nijūgo-nichi), 31日 (sanjūichi-nichi)

Relative Time Words

KanjiHiraganaRomajiEnglishExample
昚日きのうkinōyesterday昚日は楜しかったです (kinō wa tanoshikatta desu) - Yesterday was fun
今日きょうkyōtoday今日は暑いですね (kyō wa atsui desu ne) - It’s hot today
明日あしたashitatomorrow明日は暇ですか (ashita wa hima desu ka) - Are you free tomorrow?
今いたimanow今、䜕時ですか (ima, nan-ji desu ka) - What time is it now?

Kanji Readings

明日 has 3 readings: あした (ashita), あす (asu), みょうにち (myōnichi). あした is most common in daily conversation. 今日 has 2 readings: きょう (kyō) and こんにち (konnichi). きょう is used in conversation. These are 熟字蚓 (jukujikun) - special idiomatic kanji readings.

Time of day:

JapaneseRomajiEnglishExample
朝 / あさasamorning朝コヌヒヌをのみたす (asa kōhÄ« o nomimasu) - I drink coffee in the morning
昌 / ひるhirunoon昌ごはんをたべたす (hiru gohan o tabemasu) - I eat lunch
午埌 / ごごgogoafternoon午埌は忙しいです (gogo wa isogashii desu) - I’m busy in the afternoon
晩 / ばんbanevening晩ごはんを぀くりたす (ban gohan o tsukurimasu) - I make dinner
倜 / よるyorunight倜、本をよみたす (yoru, hon o yomimasu) - At night, I read a book

Compound time expressions:

  • This morning → 今日の朝 / きょうのあさ / kyō no asa, or 今朝 / けさ / kesa
  • This afternoon → 今日の昌 / きょうのひる / kyō no hiru
  • This evening → 今日の晩 / きょうのばん / kyō no ban, or 今晩 / こんばん / konban
  • Tonight → 今日の倜 / きょうのよる / kyō no yoru, or 今倜 / こんや / konya

Years

Counter: 幎 (ねん / nen)

Relative years:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
去幎きょねん / kyonenlast year
今幎こずし / kotoshithis year
来幎らいねん / rainennext year

Duration in years:

DurationHiraganaRomajiNotes
1幎いちねんichi-nen
2幎にねんni-nen
3幎さんねんsan-nen
4幎よねんyo-nenNOT shi-nen!
5幎ごねんgo-nen
6幎ろくねんroku-nen
7幎ななねんnana-nen
8幎はちねんhachi-nen
9幎きゅうねんkyÅ«-nen
10幎じゅうねんjÅ«-nen

䜕幎 (なんねん / nan-nen) = how many years?

  • 日本に3幎䜏んでいたす。/ Nihon ni san-nen sunde imasu. / I’ve lived in Japan for 3 years.

Other time words:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
毎日たいにち / mainichievery day
毎週たいしゅう / maishÅ«every week
毎月たい぀き / maitsukievery month
毎幎たいずし / maitoshievery year

Adjectives

Japanese has two types of adjectives that conjugate differently. Understanding the difference is essential.

い-Adjectives (I-Adjectives)

Always end in い (i). They conjugate directly - no helper words needed.

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
高いたかいtakaiexpensive, tallA taco that costs $1000 — that’s one expensive tacoこの財垃は高いです (kono saifu wa takai desu) - This wallet is expensive
安いやすいyasuicheap, inexpensivePicture a yak suit — a suit made of yak fur from a thrift store, super cheapこのラヌメンは安いです (kono rāmen wa yasui desu) - This ramen is cheap
暑いあ぀いatsuihot (weather)”Achoo!” — you sneeze because the sun is burning so hot your nose melts今日は暑いですね (kyō wa atsui desu ne) - It’s hot today, isn’t it
暖かいあたたかいatatakaiwarmA tatami mat by a fireplace — warm and cozy on the tatami今日は暖かいです (kyō wa atatakai desu) - It’s warm today
寒いさむいsamuicold (weather)A samurai standing in a blizzard, armor covered in ice今日は寒いです (kyō wa samui desu) - It’s cold today
涌しいすずしいsuzushiicool (weather)A Suzuki motorcycle zooming past — the wind feels cool on your face今日は涌しいですね (kyō wa suzushii desu ne) - It’s cool today, right
倧きいおおきいōkiibigAn oak tree — massive, towering oak tree in a field倧きい犬ですね (ōkii inu desu ne) - That’s a big dog
小さいちいさいchiisaismallA tiny chisel carving something microscopic — chisel = small小さい車です (chiisai kuruma desu) - It’s a small car
新しいあたらしいatarashiinewA tarot sheet — you pull a brand new tarot card fresh from the pack新しい電話です (atarashii denwa desu) - It’s a new phone
叀いふるいfuruiold (things)A furry antique — so old it’s grown fur and cobwebs叀い本です (furui hon desu) - It’s an old book
いい / 良いいい / よいii / yoigood”Eeee!” — squealing with delight because it’s so goodいい倩気ですね (ii tenki desu ne) - Nice weather, isn’t it
悪いわるいwaruibadA warlock casting evil spells — warlocks are bad倩気が悪いです (tenki ga warui desu) - The weather is bad
おいしいおいしいoishiidelicious”Oi, she” cooked the most delicious meal — everyone points at the chefこの寿叞はおいしいです (kono sushi wa oishii desu) - This sushi is delicious
たずいたずいmazuibad tastingA maze made of rotten food — navigating through disgusting tastesこのコヌヒヌはたずいです (kono kōhÄ« wa mazui desu) - This coffee tastes bad
楜しいたのしいtanoshiifun, enjoyableTon of sheep — a ton of sheep bouncing around at a fun partyパヌティヌは楜しいです (pātÄ« wa tanoshii desu) - The party is fun
おもしろいおもしろいomoshiroiinteresting, funny”Oh Moe, she roy-ally cracked me up!” — Moe tells the funniest jokeこの映画はおもしろいです (kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu) - This movie is interesting
぀たらない぀たらないtsumaranaiboringTsunami? Nah. Even a tsunami would be boring to this guy — he yawnsこの映画は぀たらないです (kono eiga wa tsumaranai desu) - This movie is boring
忙しいいそがしいisogashiibusy”He so gosh-darn busy!” — a man juggling 10 phones, papers flying everywhere今日は忙しいです (kyō wa isogashii desu) - I’m busy today
難しいむずかしいmuzukashiidifficultA moose doing calculus on a chalkboard — extremely difficult日本語は難しいです (nihongo wa muzukashii desu) - Japanese is difficult
易しいやさしいyasashiieasy, gentlePicture a gentle yak in a sash — the softest, easiest yak to petこの本は易しいです (kono hon wa yasashii desu) - This book is easy
長いながいnagailongA naga (mythical serpent) — incredibly long snake body stretching for miles長い映画です (nagai eiga desu) - It’s a long movie
短いみじかいmijikaishortMidget guy — a really short little dude短い䌑みです (mijikai yasumi desu) - It’s a short break
近いちかいchikainear, closeA cheeky neighbor peeking over your fence — they live so close駅は近いです (eki wa chikai desu) - The station is close
遠いずおいtōifarYou tow a car — you tow it so far across the country孊校は遠いです (gakkō wa tōi desu) - The school is far
広いひろいhiroiwide, spaciousHero standing in a vast open plain — heroes need wide spaces for battle広い郚屋です (hiroi heya desu) - It’s a spacious room
狭いせたいsemainarrow, crampedStuck in a tiny cement box — cramped cement room狭い郚屋です (semai heya desu) - It’s a cramped room
倚いおおいōimany, much”Oi! Oi! Oi!” — a crowd chanting at a concert, so many people人が倚いです (hito ga ōi desu) - There are many people
少ないすくないsukunaifew, littleA scuba diver finds only a few fish — the ocean is nearly empty時間が少ないです (jikan ga sukunai desu) - There’s little time
早いはやいhayaiearly, fastA hyena sprinting — hyenas are insanely fast電車は早いです (densha wa hayai desu) - The train is fast
遅いおそいosoilate, slow”Oh, so slow” — a snail saying “oh so” as it crawlsバスは遅いです (basu wa osoi desu) - The bus is slow
若いわかいwakaiyoungWacky teenagers doing crazy TikTok dances — young and wacky若い人です (wakai hito desu) - A young person
明るいあかるいakaruibrightA car with headlights blinding you — so bright you can’t see明るい郚屋です (akarui heya desu) - It’s a bright room
暗いくらいkuraidarkPicture the villain Cruella de Vil lurking in a dark alley暗い郚屋です (kurai heya desu) - It’s a dark room
重いおもいomoiheavy”Oh my!” — lifting a boulder, straining, “oh my it’s heavy!”このかばんは重いです (kono kaban wa omoi desu) - This bag is heavy
軜いかるいkaruilight (weight)A car we can lift with one hand — it’s that lightこのかばんは軜いです (kono kaban wa karui desu) - This bag is light
匷い぀よいtsuyoistrongTsuyoshi the sumo wrestler — the strongest man alive颚が匷いです (kaze ga tsuyoi desu) - The wind is strong
匱いよわいyowaiweak”Yo, why” are you so weak? — a sad noodle-armed person颚が匱いです (kaze ga yowai desu) - The wind is weak
かわいいかわいいkawaiicuteA koala going “wee!” on a swing — adorably cuteかわいい猫ですね (kawaii neko desu ne) - What a cute cat
かっこいいかっこいいkakko iicool, stylishA cockatoo wearing sunglasses and a leather jacket — effortlessly coolかっこいい車です (kakko ii kuruma desu) - That’s a cool car
うれしいうれしいureshiihappy, glad”Hooray, she” won the lottery! — jumping with happinessずおもうれしいです (totemo ureshii desu) - I’m very happy

Negation: Drop the final い and add くない (-kunai)

AffirmativeNegativeEnglish
高い (takai)高くない (takakunai)not expensive
暑い (atsui)暑くない (atsukunai)not hot
おいしい (oishii)おいしくない (oishikunai)not delicious
寒い (samui)寒くない (samukunai)not cold

Exception: いい (ii)

いい (good) does NOT follow the regular pattern. いい → よくない (yokunai) - not good NOT いくない This is because いい comes from the older form よい (yoi).

Before nouns: い-adjective goes directly before the noun (no connector needed):

  • 高い財垃 / takai saifu / expensive wallet
  • 寒い日 / samui hi / cold day
  • おいしいラヌメン / oishii rāmen / delicious ramen
  • かっこいい人 / kakko ii hito / cool/stylish person

Past tense: Drop the final い and add かった (katta desu) for affirmative, くなかった (kunakatta desu) for negative:

AffirmativeNegative
Non-past高い (takai) - expensive高くない (takakunai) - not expensive
Past高かった (takakatta) - was expensive高くなかった (takakunakatta) - was not expensive

Add です (desu) after each form for polite speech: 高かったです (takakatta desu).

Exception: いい (ii) past tense

いい → よかった (yokatta) - was good いい → よくなかった (yokunakatta) - was not good NOT いかった

よかった (Yokatta!) is a super common expression meaning “Thank goodness!” or “I’m glad!”

More examples:

  • 楜しかったです (tanoshikatta desu) - It was fun
  • おいしくなかったです (oishikunakatta desu) - It wasn’t delicious
  • 暑くなかったです (atsukunakatta desu) - It wasn’t hot

Connecting i-adjectives (te-form): Drop い and add くお (-kute) to chain multiple adjectives:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
安くおおいしいです。Yasukute oishii desu.It’s cheap and delicious.
倧きくおきれいです。Ōkikute kirei desu.It’s big and beautiful.
このレストランは安くおおいしいです。Kono resutoran wa yasukute oishii desu.This restaurant is cheap and delicious.

Note

いい → よくお (yokute), NOT いくお

な-Adjectives (Na-Adjectives)

Do NOT typically end in い. They need な (na) to connect to nouns. They negate differently from い-adjectives.

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
静かしずかshizukaquiet”Shh! Zoo. Ka.” — librarian shushing you at a silent zoo静かな郚屋です (shizuka na heya desu) - It’s a quiet room
きれいきれいkireibeautiful, cleanA king’s ray of light shining on a beautiful womanきれいな人ですね (kirei na hito desu ne) - What a beautiful person
特別ずくべ぀tokubetsuspecialYou talk to a bear on his birthday — a very special occasion特別な日です (tokubetsu na hi desu) - It’s a special day
たっすぐたっすぐmassugustraightA mast with sugar stacked straight up like a poleたっすぐ行っおください (massugu itte kudasai) - Please go straight
玠敵すおきsutekilovely, wonderfulA perfectly cooked steak — what a lovely, wonderful steak玠敵な財垃ですね (suteki na saifu desu ne) - What a lovely wallet
有名ゆうめいyūmeifamous”You, may I have your autograph?” — asking a famous person有名なレストランです (yūmei na resutoran desu) - It’s a famous restaurant
奜きすきsukiliked, favoriteYou love skiing down the mountain — suki = ski = like!音楜が奜きです (ongaku ga suki desu) - I like music
嫌いきらいkiraidisliked, hatedA killer eye glaring at you — pure hatred in that stare玍豆が嫌いです (nattō ga kirai desu) - I dislike natto
元気げんきgenkienergetic, healthyA Genghis Khan warrior bursting with energy, ready for battleお元気ですか (o-genki desu ka) - How are you? (polite)
倧倉たいぞんtaihenterrible, toughTying a hen that keeps pecking you — what a tough, terrible job仕事は倧倉です (shigoto wa taihen desu) - Work is tough
䟿利べんりbenriconvenientA bench right where you need to rest — how convenient電車は䟿利です (densha wa benri desu) - Trains are convenient
䞍䟿ふべんfubeninconvenient䞍 (fu/not) + 䟿利 (benri) — literally NOT convenientちょっず䞍䟿です (chotto fuben desu) - It’s a bit inconvenient
簡単かんたんkantaneasy, simpleCanteen food — so simple to make they serve it in a canteenこの料理は簡単です (kono ryōri wa kantan desu) - This dish is easy
耇雑ふくざ぀fukuzatsucomplicatedFugu cuts — cutting fugu (pufferfish) is dangerously complicated日本語は耇雑です (nihongo wa fukuzatsu desu) - Japanese is complicated
倧切たいせ぀taisetsuimportantYou tie a SET of important documents together with string倧切な人です (taisetsu na hito desu) - An important person
暇ひたhimafree (not busy)A HIPPO lounging on a mat — nothing to do, totally free明日は暇ですか (ashita wa hima desu ka) - Are you free tomorrow?
だめだめdameno good, useless”Damn!” — that’s no good! (sounds just like it)だめですよ (dame desu yo) - That’s no good!
倧奜きだいすきdaisukireally liked, loveA giant dice skiing — 倧 (dai/big) + ski = BIG like = loveチョコレヌトが倧奜きです (chokorēto ga daisuki desu) - I love chocolate
倧嫌いだいきらいdaikiraireally disliked, hateA giant die with a killer eye — big + hate虫が倧嫌いです (mushi ga daikirai desu) - I hate bugs
にぎやかにぎやかnigiyakalively, bustlingA Nigerian yakuza street party — noisy, lively, bustling crowdにぎやかな町です (nigiyaka na machi desu) - It’s a lively town
色々いろいろiroirovariousIro means color — imagine a painter splashing various colors everywhere色々な料理がありたす (iroiro na ryōri ga arimasu) - There are various dishes
ハンサムハンサムhansamuhandsomeIt literally IS ”handsome” — borrowed from English!ハンサムな人ですね (hansamu na hito desu ne) - What a handsome person

Tricky ones

きれい (kirei) and 嫌い (kirai) end in い but are na-adjectives, not i-adjectives! Don’t be fooled.

Negation: Add じゃない (ja nai) - same as noun negation

AffirmativeNegativeEnglish
静か (shizuka)静かじゃない (shizuka ja nai)not quiet
暇 (hima)暇じゃない (hima ja nai)not free
きれい (kirei)きれいじゃない (kirei ja nai)not beautiful

Before nouns: な-adjective + な + noun:

  • 玠敵な財垃 / suteki na saifu / lovely wallet
  • 静かな郚屋 / shizuka na heya / quiet room
  • きれいな人 / kirei na hito / beautiful person

Past tense: です → でした (deshita) for affirmative, じゃなかったです (ja nakatta desu) for negative:

AffirmativeNegative
Non-past静かです (shizuka desu) - quiet静かじゃないです (shizuka ja nai desu) - not quiet
Past静かでした (shizuka deshita) - was quiet静かじゃなかったです (shizuka ja nakatta desu) - was not quiet

More examples:

  • 元気でした (genki deshita) - Was healthy/energetic
  • 暇じゃなかったです (hima ja nakatta desu) - Was not free

Noun past tense works the same way

孊生です → 孊生でした (gakusei deshita) - was a student 孊生じゃないです → 孊生じゃなかったです (gakusei ja nakatta desu) - was not a student

Connecting na-adjectives (te-form): Add で (de) after the adjective to chain:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
静かで広いです。Shizuka de hiroi desu.It’s quiet and spacious.
きれいで䟿利です。Kirei de benri desu.It’s beautiful and convenient.
この町は静かできれいです。Kono machi wa shizuka de kirei desu.This town is quiet and beautiful.

Comparing い-Adjectives vs な-Adjectives (Full Conjugation)

い-adjective (高い takai)な-adjective (静か shizuka)
Before noun高い財垃 (takai saifu)静かな郚屋 (shizuka na heya)
Non-past (+)高いです (takai desu)静かです (shizuka desu)
Non-past (-)高くないです (takakunai desu)静かじゃないです (shizuka ja nai desu)
Past (+)高かったです (takakatta desu)静かでした (shizuka deshita)
Past (-)高くなかったです (takakunakatta desu)静かじゃなかったです (shizuka ja nakatta desu)
Te-form (connect)高くお (takakute)静かで (shizuka de)

Key pattern: い-adjectives conjugate by modifying the い ending. な-adjectives behave like nouns (でした/じゃなかった).

Adverbs of Degree

These modify adjectives to express intensity:

KanjiKanaRomajiMeaningExample
ずおもずおもtotemovery今日はずおも暑いです (kyō wa totemo atsui desu) - It’s very hot today
すごくすごくsugokuvery / really / superこの寿叞はすごくおいしいです (kono sushi wa sugoku oishii desu) - This sushi is super delicious
あたりあたりamarinot veryあたり高くないです (amari takakunai desu) - It’s not very expensive
党然ぜんぜんzenzennot at all党然寒くないです (zenzen samukunai desu) - It’s not cold at all
ちょうどちょうどchōdojust rightちょうどいいです (chōdo ii desu) - It’s just right

Warning

あたり (amari) and å…šç„¶ (zenzen) are always used with negative forms!

  • ○ あたり高くない (amari takakunai) - not very expensive
  • × あたり高い (amari takai) - WRONG

Frequency Adverbs

JapaneseRomajiMeaningPolarityExample
い぀もitsumoalwayspositiveい぀も7時に起きたす (itsumo shichi-ji ni okimasu) - I always wake up at 7
よくyokuoftenpositiveよくテレビを芋たす (yoku terebi o mimasu) - I often watch TV
時々tokidokisometimespositive時々日本料理を食べたす (tokidoki nihon ryōri o tabemasu) - I sometimes eat Japanese food
あたりamarinot very / not oftennegative onlyあたり運動したせん (amari undō shimasen) - I don’t exercise much
å…šç„¶zenzennot at all / nevernegative only党然わかりたせん (zenzen wakarimasen) - I don’t understand at all

Warning

あたり (amari) and å…šç„¶ (zenzen) are always used with negative verb/adjective forms!

  • ○ あたり高くない (amari takakunai) - not very expensive
  • × あたり高い (amari takai) - WRONG

よく (yoku) has two meanings

  1. Often (frequency adverb): よくテレビを芋たす (yoku terebi o mimasu) - I often watch TV
  2. Well / properly (adverb of いい/よい): よくわかりたした (yoku wakarimashita) - I understood well

Other “well” examples: よくできたした (yoku dekimashita) - Well done! / よく食べたした (yoku tabemashita) - Ate a lot!

Other useful modifiers:

  • もちろん (mochiron) - of course
  • それから (sorekara) - and then
  • でも (demo) - but

Verbs (たす Masu Form)

The -たす (-masu) ending makes verbs polite. This is the form used in formal/polite conversation.

Japanese has only two tenses: Past and Non-Past (present/future). The -たす (-masu) form covers non-past (habitual or future action).

Conjugation

AffirmativeNegative
Non-past-たす (-masu)-たせん (-masen)
Past-たした (-mashita)-たせんでした (-masen deshita)

Full example with ききたす (kikimasu - to listen):

AffirmativeNegative
Non-pastききたす (kikimasu) - I listenききたせん (kikimasen) - I don’t listen
Pastききたした (kikimashita) - I listenedききたせんでした (kikimasen deshita) - I didn’t listen
Questionききたすか (kikimasu ka?)ききたせんか (kikimasen ka?)

Answering questions:

  • Yes → はい、ききたす。/ Hai, kikimasu. (or はい、ききたした / Hai, kikimashita for past)
  • No → いいえ、ききたせん。/ Iie, kikimasen. (or いいえ、ききたせんでした / Iie, kikimasen deshita for past)

Invitations with -たせんか (-masen ka)

The negative question form -たせんか is used as a polite invitation — “Won’t you ~?” / “Would you like to ~?”

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
䞀緒に食べたせんか。Issho ni tabemasen ka.Won’t you eat together (with me)?
映画を芋たせんか。Eiga o mimasen ka.Would you like to watch a movie?
コヌヒヌを飲みたせんか。KōhÄ« o nomimasen ka.Would you like to have some coffee?

Volitional -たしょう (-mashō) / -たしょうか (-mashō ka)

-たしょう = “Let’s ~” (suggesting an action together) -たしょうか = “Shall we ~?” / “Shall I ~?” (offering/suggesting)

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
行きたしょうIkimashō!Let’s go!
垰りたしょう。Kaerimashō.Let’s go home.
日本語を話したしょう。Nihongo o hanashimashō.Let’s speak Japanese.
䞀緒に食べたしょう。Issho ni tabemashō.Let’s eat together.
䜕を食べたしょうか。Nani o tabemashō ka.What shall we eat?
たた䌚いたしょう。Mata aimashō.Let’s meet again.

Sentence Pattern with を (o)

The object marker を (o) marks what the verb acts on:

[Subject] は (wa) [Object] を (o) [Verb]-たす (-masu)。

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
私はアヌルアンドビヌをききたす。Watashi wa āru ando bÄ« o kikimasu.I listen to R&B.
私は音楜をききたせん。Watashi wa ongaku o kikimasen.I don’t listen to music.
ミペンちゃんは音楜をききたすか。Mi Yon-chan wa ongaku o kikimasu ka?Does Mi Yeon listen to music?

[Noun] を (o) したす (shimasu) Pattern

したす (shimasu, “to do”) pairs with nouns for activities, sports, and events:

Activities & daily life:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
パヌティヌをしたすpātÄ« o shimasuhave a party
デヌトをしたすdēto o shimasugo on a date
ショッピングをしたすshoppingu o shimasugo shopping
ミヌティングをしたすmÄ«tingu o shimasuhave a meeting
電話をしたすdenwa o shimasumake a phone call
勉匷をしたすbenkyō o shimasustudy
料理をしたすryōri o shimasucook
掗濯をしたすsentaku o shimasudo laundry
掃陀をしたすsōji o shimasuclean
散歩をしたすsanpo o shimasutake a walk
運転をしたすunten o shimasudrive
運動をしたすundō o shimasuexercise

Sports (スポヌツをしたす):

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
サッカヌをしたすsakkā o shimasuplay soccer
テニスをしたすtenisu o shimasuplay tennis
野球をしたすyakyÅ« o shimasuplay baseball
バスケットボヌルをしたすbasukettobōru o shimasuplay basketball
氎泳をしたすsuiei o shimasuswim
ゞョギングをしたすjogingu o shimasugo jogging
ペガをしたすyoga o shimasudo yoga
サルサをしたすsarusa o shimasudo salsa

Comprehensive Verb List (たす Form)

Group 1 verbs:

KanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
かいたすkaimasuto buyYou buy a kite at the store — kai = buy a kite本をかいたす (hon o kaimasu) - I buy a book
かきたすkakimasuto writeKhaki pants with writing all over them — scribbled notes on khakis手玙をかきたす (tegami o kakimasu) - I write a letter
けしたすkeshimasuto turn offYou squish a lightbulb to turn it off — keshi = squish off電気をけしたす (denki o keshimasu) - I turn off the light
ききたすkikimasuto listenKiki from Kiki’s Delivery Service listening to her radio while flying音楜をききたす (ongaku o kikimasu) - I listen to music
たちたすmachimasuto waitWaiting for a match on Tinder — staring at your phone, waitingここでたちたす (koko de machimasu) - I wait here
たがりたすmagarimasuto turnMagarita — you’re so drunk on margaritas you keep turning/swerving右にたがりたす (migi ni magarimasu) - Turn right
もちたすmochimasuto have, to holdHolding a big sticky mochi rice cake in both handsかさをもちたす (kasa o mochimasu) - I hold an umbrella
もらいたすmoraimasuto receiveA moray eel hands you a gift from the ocean — you receive itプレれントをもらいたす (purezento o moraimasu) - I receive a present
ねたすnemasuto sleepNemo the fish sleeping at the bottom of the ocean11時にねたす (jÅ«ichi-ji ni nemasu) - I sleep at 11
のみたすnomimasuto drink”Nom nom nom” — chugging a giant drink, nomming it downコヌヒヌをのみたす (kōhÄ« o nomimasu) - I drink coffee
のりたすnorimasuto get onRiding a giant nori (seaweed) sheet like a magic carpet — get on!電車にのりたす (densha ni norimasu) - I get on the train
おきたすokimasuto wake up”OK, I’m up!” — alarm rings, you groan “ok-i-masu”7時におきたす (shichi-ji ni okimasu) - I wake up at 7
おくりたすokurimasuto sendSending a package via O’Courier delivery serviceメヌルをおくりたす (mēru o okurimasu) - I send an email
おしたすoshimasuto pushOh, she pushed the big red button! Explosion!ボタンをおしたす (botan o oshimasu) - I push the button
すいたすsuimasuto smokeSucking smoke through a straw — inhaling = suiたばこをすいたす (tabako o suimasu) - I smoke a cigarette
ずりたすtorimasuto take (photos)A toucan (tori = bird) holding a camera, snapping photos写真をずりたす (shashin o torimasu) - I take a photo
぀かいたすtsukaimasuto useTwo guys using a giant machine together — tsuka = two guysパ゜コンを぀かいたす (pasokon o tsukaimasu) - I use a computer
぀くりたすtsukurimasuto makeA tycoon in a factory making products — tsukuri = tycoon making料理を぀くりたす (ryōri o tsukurimasu) - I make a meal
うりたすurimasuto sellYou reel in customers at a market stall — uri = you reel = sell車をうりたす (kuruma o urimasu) - I sell a car
よみたすyomimasuto readYoda reading a book — “Read this, you must” — yomi = Yoda reads本をよみたす (hon o yomimasu) - I read a book
やすみたすyasumimasuto rest, take a day off”Yeah, sue me!” — lying in a hammock on a workday, taking a rest今日はやすみたす (kyō wa yasumimasu) - I take today off
わかりたすwakarimasuto understandYou walk around a problem until you finally understand it日本語がわかりたす (nihongo ga wakarimasu) - I understand Japanese
あいたすaimasuto meetYou meet your eye candy — eye contact across the room, you meet明日、圌ず䌚いたす (ashita, kare to aimasu) - I’ll meet him tomorrow
やきたすyakimasuto bake, to cookYakitori on the grill — yaki always means grilled/bakedクッキヌを焌きたした (kukkÄ« o yakimashita) - I baked cookies
はなしたすhanashimasuto speak, to talkHannah on a show — Hannah’s talk show, she speaks to guests日本語を話したす (nihongo o hanashimasu) - I speak Japanese

Group 2 verbs:

KanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
あげたすagemasuto giveA gem — you give someone a precious gem as a giftプレれントをあげたす (purezento o agemasu) - I give a present
あけたすakemasuto openAn acorn cracks open — ake = acorn openingドアをあけたす (doa o akemasu) - I open the door
でたすdemasuto leaveA demon bursting out of the door — leaves the room dramatically8時にうちをでたす (hachi-ji ni uchi o demasu) - I leave home at 8
みたすmimasuto watch, seeMe, me, me! — pointing at your eyes, “let ME see!”映画をみたす (eiga o mimasu) - I watch a movie
みせたすmisemasuto showMiss America on stage — she shows off her talent to the judgesメニュヌをみせたす (menyÅ« o misemasu) - I show the menu
おりたすorimasuto get offAn orangutan jumping off the train — ori = orangutan gets off電車をおりたす (densha o orimasu) - I get off the train
おしえたすoshiemasuto teachOh, Shay is such a great teacher! Students love Shay’s class日本語をおしえたす (nihongo o oshiemasu) - I teach Japanese
しめたすshimemasuto closeShimmy the door closed — do a little shimmy to push it shut窓をしめたす (mado o shimemasu) - I close the window
たべたすtabemasuto eatEating off the table — tabe = table where you eat寿叞をたべたす (sushi o tabemasu) - I eat sushi
ずめたすtomemasuto stop, parkA giant totem pole blocking the road — everything stops車をずめたす (kuruma o tomemasu) - I park the car
぀けたすtsukemasuto turn onTsuki (moon) — you turn on the moonlight, the room glowsテレビを぀けたす (terebi o tsukemasu) - I turn on the TV

Movement verbs (used with ぞ (e) / に (ni) particle):

KanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
行きたす / いきたすikimasuto go”Icky!” — stepping in something icky, you GO running away東京ぞ行きたす (Tōkyō e ikimasu) - I go to Tokyo
来たす / きたすkimasuto come”Kim! Come here!” — calling Kim to come over日本に来たす (Nihon ni kimasu) - I come to Japan
垰りたす / かえりたすkaerimasuto return, go backA carrier pigeon always returns home — kaeri = carrier returnsうちぞ垰りたす (uchi e kaerimasu) - I go home

Full Sentence Pattern

The most complete sentence pattern combining everything:

[Time], [Topic] は (wa) [Time] に (ni) [Person] ず (to) [Place] で (de) [Object] を (o) [Verb]-たす (-masu)。

PartParticleMeaning
Topicは (wa)as for [topic]
Timeに (ni)at [time]
Personず (to)with [person]
Placeで (de)at/in [place]
Objectを (o)[object]
Verb-たすpolite verb
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
今倜、私は東さんず銀座で映画をみたす。Kon’ya, watashi wa Higashi-san to Ginza de eiga o mimasu.Tonight, I’ll watch a movie with Mr. Higashi in Ginza.
日曜日に、みなみさんずぎんざですしをたべたす。Nichiyōbi ni, Minami-san to Ginza de sushi o tabemasu.On Sunday, I’ll eat sushi with Minami in Ginza.
二時にお客さんず䌚瀟でミヌティングをしたす。Ni-ji ni o-kyaku-san to kaisha de mÄ«tingu o shimasu.At 2:00, we’ll have a meeting with the client at the office.

Word order flexibility

The order of [time] に (ni), [person] ず (to), and [place] で (de) can be rearranged. The meaning stays the same as long as particles are correct:

  • 東さんず銀座で映画をみたす (Higashi-san to Ginza de eiga o mimasu) = 銀座で東さんず映画をみたす (Ginza de Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu)

Movement Verbs with Direction & Transportation

For going/coming/returning, use ぞ (e) for direction and で (de) for transportation:

[Topic] は (wa) [Transport] で (de) [Direction] ぞ (e) [Movement Verb]

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
私はタクシヌでうちぞ垰りたす。Watashi wa takushÄ« de uchi e kaerimasu.I’ll go home by taxi.
私は地䞋鉄でバヌぞ行きたす。Watashi wa chikatetsu de bā e ikimasu.I’ll go to the bar by subway.
キムさんは電車で東京ぞ来たす。Kimu-san wa densha de Tōkyō e kimasu.Mr. Kim is coming to Tokyo by train.

The order of で (de) and ぞ (e) phrases can be swapped:

  • うちぞタクシヌで垰りたす (uchi e takushÄ« de kaerimasu) = タクシヌでうちぞ垰りたす (takushÄ« de uchi e kaerimasu) — same meaning

Asking about trains/transit:

  • これは新宿ぞ行きたすか。/ Kore wa Shinjuku e ikimasu ka? / Does this go to Shinjuku?
  • 次の電車は䜕時に来たすか。/ Tsugi no densha wa nan-ji ni kimasu ka? / What time does the next train come? (次/tsugi = next, 電車/densha = train)

Question Words

KanjiKanaRomajiMeaningExample
䜕なに / なんnani / nanwhat䜕ですか (nan desu ka) - What is it?
いくらいくらikurahow muchいくらですか (ikura desu ka) - How much?
誰だれdarewho誰の (dare no) - whose?
どこどこdokowhereどこですか (doko desu ka) - Where?
どんなどんなdonnawhat kind ofどんな人 (donna hito) - what kind of person?
い぀い぀itsuwhenい぀ですか (itsu desu ka) - When?
䜕時なんじnan-jiwhat time䜕時ですか (nan-ji desu ka) - What time?
䜕曜日なんようびnan-yōbiwhat day䜕曜日ですか (nan-yōbi desu ka)
䜕月なんが぀nan-gatsuwhat month䜕月ですか (nan-gatsu desu ka)
䜕日なんにちnan-nichiwhat date䜕日ですか (nan-nichi desu ka)
䜕分なんぷんnan-punhow many min䜕分ですか (nan-pun desu ka)
䜕時間なんじかんnan-jikanhow many hrs䜕時間ですか (nan-jikan desu ka)
どうしおどうしおdōshitewhyどうしおですか (dōshite desu ka) - Why?
どちらどちらdochirawhich (of two)どちらがいいですか (dochira ga ii desu ka) - Which do you prefer?
䜕名なんめいnan-meihow many people䜕名様ですか (nan-mei-sama desu ka) - How many in your party?

なに vs なん

䜕 is read as なに (nani) when followed by the particle を:

  • 䜕をしたすか。/ Nani o shimasu ka? / What will you do?

It is read as なん (nan) before です, before counters, and in compounds:

  • 䜕ですか。/ Nan desu ka? / What is it?
  • 䜕時 / nan-ji / what time

Complete question pattern: い぀ 誰ず どこで 䜕を したすか。/ Itsu dare to doko de nani o shimasu ka? / When, with whom, where, what will you do?

Self-Introduction & Meeting People

Basic Self-Introduction Pattern

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
はじめたしお。Hajimemashite.Nice to meet you. (lit. “for the first time”)
私はです。Watashi wa ___ desu.I am ___.
よろしくお願いしたす。Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.Please treat me well. (standard closing)

Business Introduction

When introducing yourself with your company:

[Company] の (no) [Name] です (desu)。

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ゞャパニヌズポッドのピヌタヌです。JapanÄ«zu Poddo no PÄ«tā desu.I’m Peter from Japanese Pod.
スタむルナヌの東です。SutairuyÅ« no Higashi desu.I’m Higashi from Style You.

Other Useful Phrases

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
お名前は䜕ですかO-namae wa nan desu ka?What’s your name? (polite)
元気ですかGenki desu ka?How are you?
私は日本人です。Watashi wa nihonjin desu.I’m Japanese.

Honorific Suffixes

Added after someone’s name. Using the wrong one can be rude or overly familiar.

SuffixKanaUsage
-様-さた / -samaMost polite. Used for customers, in very formal situations.
-さん-さん / -sanStandard polite. Default for most situations - like Mr./Ms.
-君-くん / -kunFor males who are younger or same age. Common among male friends/coworkers.
-ちゃん-ちゃん / -chanAffectionate. For children, close female friends, pets. Sounds cute/casual.

Warning

Never use -さん (-san) for yourself! Only for others.

  • ○ 私はスティヌブンです。(Watashi wa Sutiibun desu.)
  • × 私はスティヌブンさんです。(Watashi wa Sutiibun-san desu.) — Wrong, don’t san yourself

Everyone:

  • みなさん (mina-san) - everyone (standard)
  • みなさた (mina-sama) - everyone (very polite)

Honorific Prefix お (o-)

お (o-) is added before a word to make it more polite or respectful. It’s not for your own stuff — it’s for others or for general politeness.

With おRomajiWithout おMeaning
お名前o-namae名前 (namae)name (polite)
お元気o-genki元気 (genki)health/energy (polite)
お氎o-mizuæ°Ž (mizu)water (polite)
お金o-kane金 (kane)money (polite)
お茶o-cha茶 (cha)tea (so common it’s basically always お茶)
お䌚蚈o-kaikei䌚蚈 (kaikei)the bill (polite)
お客さんo-kyaku-san客 (kyaku)customer/guest (polite)

Note

Some words like お茶 (o-cha, tea) and お金 (o-kane, money) are almost always used with お — dropping it sounds weird. Others like お元気 (o-genki) are only polite; casual would just be 元気 (genki).

Essential Phrases & Expressions

Greetings

JapaneseRomajiEnglishWhen
おはようございたすohayō gozaimasugood morningmorning (formal)
おはようohayōmorningmorning (casual)
こんにちはkonnichiwahello / good afternoondaytime
こんばんはkonbanwagood eveningevening
おやすみなさいoyasumi nasaigood nightbefore sleeping

Goodbyes

JapaneseRomajiEnglishFormality
じゃたたja matasee youcasual
じゃあ、たたjā, matawell, see you thencasual
たたあしたmata ashitasee you tomorrowcasual
たた䌚いたしょうmata aimashōlet’s meet againpolite
さようならsayōnaragoodbyeneutral (has a sense of finality)
倱瀌したすshitsurei shimasuexcuse me (I’m leaving)formal/polite
お䞖話になりたしたo-sewa ni narimashitathank you for your kindness/hospitalityformal (when parting after someone helped you)
色々お䞖話になりたしたiroiro o-sewa ni narimashitathank you for everything (you’ve done)very formal/grateful
お元気でo-genki detake care (of yourself)used for long-term or final goodbyes
こちらこそkochira kososame to you / you tooresponse to thanks/compliments

Note

お元気で (o-genki de) has a permanent feeling — use it when you won’t see someone for a long time or possibly never again. For casual “see you later” goodbyes, use じゃたた or たたね.

Gratitude Hierarchy (least → most formal)

JapaneseRomajiLevel
どうもdōmovery casual, quick thanks
ありがずうarigatōcasual thanks
どうもありがずうdōmo arigatōcasual but warmer
ありがずうございたすarigatō gozaimasupolite thanks
どうもありがずうございたすdōmo arigatō gozaimasumost polite

Response: どういたしたしお (dōitashimashite) - You’re welcome.

Apology Hierarchy (least → most formal)

JapaneseRomajiLevel
ごめんgomenvery casual (friends only)
ごめんなさいgomen nasaicasual apology
すみたせんsumimasenpolite (also means “excuse me”)
申し蚳ありたせんmōshiwake arimasenvery formal/business

Shopping Phrases

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
いくらですか。Ikura desu ka?How much is it?
これをください。Kore o kudasai.This one please. / Please give me this.
メニュヌを芋せおください。MenyÅ« o misete kudasai.Please show me the menu.
円です。___ en desu.It’s ___ yen.
皎蟌みですか。Zeikomi desu ka?Is tax included?

Phone Phrases

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
もしもしmoshi moshihello (on the phone)
たた、電話したす。Mata, denwa shimasu.I’ll call again.
もう䞀床、お願いしたす。Mō ichido, onegai shimasu.Could you say that again?

Understanding

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
わかりたすか。Wakarimasu ka?Do you understand?
はい、わかりたす。Hai, wakarimasu.Yes, I understand.
いいえ、わかりたせん。Iie, wakarimasen.No, I don’t understand.
わかりたした。Wakarimashita.I understood / Got it.

Getting Around

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
はどこですか。___ wa doko desu ka?Where is ___?
ここはどこですか。Koko wa doko desu ka?Where am I?
に行きたいです。___ ni ikitai desu.I want to go to ___.
助けおTasukete!Help!

Food & Ordering

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
これは䜕ですか。Kore wa nan desu ka?What is this?
おいしいOishii!Delicious!
お腹がすきたした。Onaka ga sukimashita.I’m hungry.
氎をください。Mizu o kudasai.Water, please.
お䌚蚈お願いしたす。Okaikei onegai shimasu.The bill, please.

At a restaurant:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
䜕名様ですか。Nan-mei-sama desu ka?How many in your party? (staff asks)
二名です。Ni-mei desu.Two people.
店内でお願いしたす。Tennai de onegai shimasu.Dine-in, please.
お持ち垰りでお願いしたす。Mochikaeri de onegai shimasu.Takeout, please.
お勧めは䜕ですか。O-susume wa nan desu ka?What do you recommend?
抜きでお願いしたす。___ nuki de onegai shimasu.Without ___, please.
かしこたりたした。Kashikomarimashita.Certainly. (very polite, staff says)
結構です。Kekkō desu.No thank you. / That’s enough.

Eating phrases:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
いただきたす。Itadakimasu.Said before eating (lit. “I humbly receive”)
ごちそうさたでした。Gochisō-sama deshita.Said after eating (lit. “it was a feast”)

Note

いただきたす (itadakimasu) and ごちそうさたでした (gochisō-sama deshita) are essential Japanese table manners. Always say いただきたす before eating and ごちそうさたでした when you’re done!

Paying:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
別々でお願いしたす。Betsubetsu de onegai shimasu.Separate checks, please.
割り勘でお願いしたす。Warikan de onegai shimasu.Let’s split it evenly.
䞀緒でお願いしたす。Issho de onegai shimasu.All together (one bill), please.
おごりたす。Ogorimasu.I’ll treat you. / It’s on me.

Gift-Giving Phrases

When giving a gift:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
これ、どうぞ。Kore, dōzo.Please accept this. (handing over)
぀たらないものですが Tsumaranai mono desu ga
It’s not much, but
 (humble)
お瀌です。O-rei desu.It’s a token of my gratitude.
色々ありがずうございたした。Iroiro arigatō gozaimashita.Thank you for everything.

When receiving a gift:

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ありがずうございたす。Arigatō gozaimasu.Thank you.
(すみたせん、) ありがずうございたす。(Sumimasen,) arigatō gozaimasu.(I’m sorry for the trouble,) thank you.
ええいいですよ Ē? Ii desu yo
What? You really shouldn’t have


Other Useful Expressions

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
すみたせんsumimasenexcuse me / I’m sorry
お願いしたすonegai shimasuplease (requesting something)
倧䞈倫daijōbuit’s okay / are you alright?
本圓hontō?really?
うそuso!no way! / you’re kidding!
ちょっずchottoa little / just a moment
だめdameno good / don’t do that
もうmōalready / soon
あのうanōum
 / excuse me (getting attention)
えっずettoumm
 (thinking)
そうです / そうですねsō desu / sō desu nethat’s right / yeah, true
ちょっず埅っおくださいchotto matte kudasaiplease wait a moment

Interjections & Informal Phrases

JapaneseRomajiMeaning
あれare?huh? / oh? (surprise/realization)
ぞぇヌhēoh really? / I see! (casual interest)
すごいsugoiamazing / wow
ばかbakastupid / idiot (can be playful or rude)
やばいyabaioh crap / insane / crazy (bad OR good depending on context)
やったyatta!yes! / we did it!
ほんずうにhontōnireally / truly / seriously
ずりあえずtoriaezufor now / first of all
了解ryōkaigot it / understood (casual acknowledgment)
適圓にtekitō nicasually / whatever / loosely
うそ぀きusotsukiliar
いけないikenainot allowed / must not / oh no
どうしおdōshite?why? / how come?
党郚zenbueverything / all of it
楜しかったですtanoshikatta desuit was fun (past tense of tanoshii)
連絡くださいrenraku kudasaiplease contact me
メヌルしたすねmēru shimasu neI’ll email you, okay?
誕生日おめでずうございたすtanjōbi omedetō gozaimasuhappy birthday (formal)

Congratulations pattern: [occasion] + おめでずうございたす (omedetō gozaimasu)

  • In casual situations, drop ございたす (gozaimasu): おめでずう (omedetō)

Vocabulary by Topic

Body Parts

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory Tip
頭あたたatamaheadA llama balancing on your head — atama = a-llama on the head
お腹おなかonakastomach”Oh naka!” — grabbing your stomach in pain after bad sushi
目めmeeyePoint at your eyes and say ”ME! Look at ME!”
錻はなhananoseA flower (hana) growing out of your nose — you smell it
耳みみmimiearMickey Mouse ears — “Mimi” Mouse’s giant round ears
歯はhatooth”HA!” — laughing so wide you show all your teeth
口くちkuchimouthGucci lipstick on your mouth — kuchi = Gucci mouth
喉のどnodothroatA node stuck in your throat — painful lump you can’t swallow
手おtehandHanding someone a cup of tea — te = tea in your hand
足あしashifoot, legAshes — you walked through hot ashes barefoot, burning your feet
腰こしkoshilower back, hipKosher back massage — getting a kosher massage on your lower back
背䞭せなかsenakabackA senator with a “kick me” sign on his naked back
腕うでudearmAn oodle of noodles wrapped around your arm like spaghetti

Positional Words

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory Tip
䞊うえueabove, on top”Whey!” — throwing whey protein powder up above your head
䞋したshitabelow, underYou sh*t yourself and it drops below — shita = below
䞭なかnakainside, withinA knacker hiding inside a box — naka = knacker inside
倖そずsotooutsideSoto — like a martial arts move that throws someone outside the ring
前たえmaefront, beforeMy face — what’s right in front of my face = mae
埌ろうしろushirobehind, backA usher points behind you — “sir, your seat is ushiro (behind)”
暪よこyokobeside, next toYoko Ono standing right beside John Lennon
隣ずなりtonarinext door, next toTonari no Totoro (My Neighbor Totoro) — tonari = neighbor/next to
右みぎmigirightPicture writing ”ME + G” on your right hand — migi = right
巊ひだりhidarileftHe dared to go left when everyone went right — hidari = he dared left
近くちかくchikakunearbyA cheeky squirrel sitting nearby on the bench next to you

Countries, Nationalities & Languages

Pattern: Country + 人 (-jin) = person from that country, Country + 語 (-go) = language

CountryKanaRomajiNationality (-jin)Language (-go)
日本にほんNihon日本人 (nihonjin)日本語 (nihongo)
アメリカアメリカAmerikaアメリカ人 (amerikajin)英語 (eigo)
むギリスむギリスIgirisuむギリス人 (igirisujin)英語 (eigo)
カナダカナダKanadaカナダ人 (kanadajin)英語/フランス語
フランスフランスFuransuフランス人 (furansujin)フランス語 (furansugo)
ドむツドむツDoitsuドむツ人 (doitsujin)ドむツ語 (doitsugo)
䞭囜ちゅうごくChÅ«goku䞭囜人 (chÅ«gokujin)䞭囜語 (chÅ«gokugo)
韓囜かんこくKankoku韓囜人 (kankokujin)韓囜語 (kankokugo)

Note

England is むギリス (Igirisu), from the Portuguese “Inglês.” Don’t confuse with むングランド (Ingurando) which specifically means England (not the UK).

Taste Adjectives

All are い-adjectives.

KanaRomajiEnglishMemory TipExample
しょっぱいshoppaisaltyYou bite into a shopping bag of pretzels — overwhelmingly salty醀油はしょっぱいです (shōyu wa shoppai desu) - Soy sauce is salty
甘い (あたい)amaisweetA mango pie — the sweetest dessert you’ve ever tastedこのいちごは甘いです (kono ichigo wa amai desu) - These strawberries are sweet
蟛い (からい)karaispicyA karate chop to your tongue — that’s how spicy it burns韓囜料理は蟛いです (kankoku ryōri wa karai desu) - Korean food is spicy
苊い (にがい)nigaibitterYou take a bite and scream ”NIGA! That’s bitter!” — face puckering upゎヌダは苊いです (gōya wa nigai desu) - Goya is bitter
すっぱいsuppaisourYou sip a lemon and your whole face scrunches — sip-a = sourレモンはすっぱいです (remon wa suppai desu) - Lemons are sour

Relationships

KanjiKanaRomajiEnglishMemory Tip
圌氏かれしkareshiboyfriendYour boyfriend drives a flashy Carrera (Porsche) — kareshi = Carrera-she’s boyfriend
圌女かのじょkanojogirlfriend / sheCanoe Joe — your girlfriend paddling a canoe, her name is Jo
女友達おんなずもだちonna tomodachifemale friendonna (woman) + tomodachi (friend) — a woman friend
男友達おずこずもだちotoko tomodachimale friendotoko (man) + tomodachi (friend) — a man friend
友達ずもだちtomodachifriendYour friend Tom is da cheese — tomodachi = Tom-da-cheese, your buddy
僕がくbokuI (masculine, casual)Boku sounds like book — a boy holding his favorite book saying “I love this”

Cultural Notes

Common Mistakes Foreigners Make

  1. Using -さん (-san) for yourself - Never say 私はスティヌブンさんです (watashi wa Sutiibun-san desu). Drop the さん (-san) when referring to yourself.
  2. Politeness levels - Using casual speech with strangers or elders is rude. Default to です/たす (desu/masu) form.
  3. Long vowels - おばさん (obasan, aunt) vs おばあさん (obaasan, grandmother) - vowel length changes meaning entirely!
  4. は (wa) vs が (ga) - Both can mark subjects, but は (wa) marks the topic (old info) while が (ga) marks the subject (new info). At beginner level, は (wa) is used far more often.

About Japan (Quick Notes)

  • Japan consists of 4 main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu
  • Population ~126 million, capital is Tokyo
  • Food culture: sushi, ramen, tempura, rice is a staple with every meal
  • Seasons are important: cherry blossoms (春/haru/spring), festivals in summer, autumn leaves (玅葉/kōyō)
  • Major holidays: New Year (正月/shōgatsu) is the biggest, Golden Week in May, Obon in August
  • Pop culture: anime, manga, J-pop, karaoke are significant cultural exports
  • Politeness is deeply embedded in the language and culture - there are multiple levels of formality