Pointer

This is the most confusing topic ever. Check out the Wikipedia to fully understand https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)

A pointer points to an address of another variable.

C++ Pointer Syntax

In CS137, the syntax we learned to declare a pointer is int *a. However, in general, the preferred syntax in C++ is int* a. Do that at interviews and in practice.

string* mystring; // Preferred  
string *mystring;  
string * mystring;

An Array name is just a pointer to the first element in the array, i.e. if a is an array,

printf("%p\n", a);
printf("%p\n", &a[0]);

print the same thing (will print the address).

int i = 6;
int *p; //It's important to declare what type the pointer is point at
p = &i; //the & in front gives the memory address of i
*p = 10; //Putting the * will change the value. In this case, p is changed to 10, so i changes to 10 as well
 
printf("%d \n", i); //Will print 10
 
int *q = p;
*q = 17;
printf("%d \n", i); //Will print 17

The asterisks can be confusing.

• * for multiplication
• * to define pointer
• * as a dereferencing operator.

Pointers can be super helpful in certain scenarios. Consider the case where you want to create a function swap(x,y). If you don’t pass the address, it will use a copy of the value and not actually swap x,y. You need to pass the addresses of x,y, and in the implementation, use pointers as arguments of the function.

Note

Since C only supports Call by Value, what we are actually doing above is using a pointer to “cheat” and reference the variables when the function is called.

Pointer Arithmetic

We can actually add integers to pointers. It just moves the pointer to the next address.

int a[8] = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
int *p, *q, i;
p = &(a[2]); // p points to a[2]
q = p + 3;// q points to a[5]
p += 4;// p points to a[6]
q = q - 2; // q points to a[3]
 
//This is also legal
i = p - q; // i = 3
i = q - p; // i = -3

The * operator and ++ operator can be combined:

• *p++ is the same as *(p++) (Use *p first then increment pointer).
• (*p)++ (Use *p first then increment *p, increment the content that p is pointing at).
• *++p or *(++p) (Increment p first then use *p after increment).
• ++*p or ++(*p) (Increment *p first then use *p after increment).

Void Pointer

Void pointers can point to any data type. Used in Map and Reduce.

You need to cast the type like (int *)pointer to cast it.

Null Pointer

Since pointers are memory addresses, we need to be able to distinguish from a pointer to something and a pointer to nothing. The NULL pointer is how we do this. It can be called by

int *p = NULL;

For C++, Use nullptr to say that a pointer is pointing to nothing.

int *p = nullptr;

Note: From what I remember, there is some subtle difference in the way NULL and nullptr is used for C and C++.

WARNING BUG

I ran into this bug with multi-line pointer declaration.

int a, b, c; // This is fine

However,

int* a, b, c; // INCORRECT
 
// Equivalent to
int *a;
int b;
int c;

Pointer vs. Pointer Reference

Ran into this while working on my Biquadris project.

This blew my mind, but int*& x is allowed in C++. It declares a reference to a pointer to an integer. Essentially, it allows you to create an alias for a pointer variable.

void modifyPointer(int*& ptr) {
  ptr = new int(10); // Modifies the original pointer
}
 
int main() {
  int* myPointer = nullptr;
  modifyPointer(myPointer); // myPointer now points to a new int with value 10
  delete myPointer; // Clean up the allocated memory
  return 0;
}

Also see unique_ptr, where I try to understand the different between unique_ptr<Level> and unique_ptr<level>&.

Can you have a pointer to a Reference?

NO! Remember that a reference is just an alias. A pointer is a place in memory that has the address of something else, but a reference is NOT. StackOverflow

Related

• Smart Pointer